Lord Of The Flies Opinion Essays - Fiction, English-language Films

Master Of The Flies Opinion Master Of The Flies Conclusion Master Of The Flies was a negative book in light of the fact that numerous individuals kicked the bucket and furthermore that the entirety of the children humankind is presently lost. A model demonstrating why Lord Of The Flies is negative is the way that World War 3 is going on and the entirety of the kids are abandoned from their folks as opposed to being idealistic and being dropped off at another more secure nation far away from the war. Rather than letting the children arrive at their goals he has them shot down in what is by all accounts an awesome spot gradually transforming into damnation. The three passings additionally show the evilness. One youngster consuming to death in an out of control fire , Simon being pounded the life out of by his kindred companions and Piggy who was squashed by a stone. All through these killings the greater part of the children knew this wasn't right yet nobody to stop them and order them . They all inevitably lost their feeling of life. The main piece of the novel where you feel that the children destiny may have made a turn for the better is the completion at long last salvage. Or on the other hand is it salvage? They may conceivably be shot and executed on their way home , they may very well be tossed into the mixi of a war , the majority of them will presumably need to experience mental treatment and will they have anybody to return home to? Who realizes what will be left of their families and homes. With all these grizzly subtleties Golding probably had a cynical view to wars and he certainly indicated that kids are little blessed messengers as well as have an a lot darker side.

Violence Essays (941 words) - Abuse, Crimes, Domestic Violence

Brutality Casualties From the beginning of time numerous ladies have been survivors of abusive behavior at home. Society believed men to be better than ladies since men were consistently in power financially, lawfully, and strictly. This gave men the demeanor that ladies were mediocre compared to them. Men hurt their spouses by beating them genuinely and manhandling them inwardly. A large number of these ladies didn't report the maltreatment that they got from their companions and families since they believed that nobody would trust them. By getting educated with the causes, impacts, and medicines of aggressive behavior at home towards ladies in the United States, we would then be able to contain the harms that are done to ladies or possibly get the message across to other ladies that there is help to beat this shocking showcase of warmth. Local viciousness is characterized extensively as savage acts did by people in a conjugal, sexual, parental, or care-giving job toward others in complementary jobs. Spousal misuse may apply to couples occupied with a sexual relationship outside of marriage. Furthermore, youngster misuse might be entered by guardians, kin, step-guardians, or live-in sweethearts or lady friends of the manhandled youngster's parent (Rosen 3). Battered ladies are characterized as ladies that have been Victora 2 genuinely or sincerely mishandled by their spouses or families. These ladies experience the ill effects of a wide range of sorts of abusive behavior at home yet the reason is only one maltreatment. Misuse happens to numerous ladies however, more often than not it isn't accounted for to the police. Misuse is an underreported wrongdoing, it is underreported for two reasons: an) it happens in the protection of one's home where there are normally no observers beside relative's to distinguish also, report it and b) however savagery is in no way, shape or form limited to the lower classes, center and privileged savagery is probably going to go unreported to the police (Stets 3). Why it isn't accounted for to the police could be the aftereffect of the feelings that are developing inside the casualty's head. These ladies feel anxious in detailing the maltreatment since they are terrified of what the abuser will do to them. They were apprehensive in such a case that he discovered that they called the police he may hurt them or their kids considerably more than he as of now. The lower class brutality is typically revealed in light of the fact that they manage social administrations more frequently than the center and high societies do. They are increasingly instructed in realizing that open social control organizations can assist them with overcoming the maltreatment. The center and high societies don't generally report these demonstrations of savagery since they likely can bear the cost of a specialists or a marriage mentor. Injurious conduct starts in cycles and not ordinary events. This oppressive cycle is known as the battering cycle and it contains three stages. The first stage is the pressure building stage, the subsequent stage is the blast or intense 3 battering episode stage, and the third stage is the quiet, cherishing stage. The first stage is the point at which the lady sees the man building pressure and getting very restless which causes minor rough scenes. At that point the subsequent stage starts when that pressure develops higher and the man detonates out of frustration or in a visually impaired fury that rotates into an extreme brutal occurrence. What's more, the third and last stage is when the man apologizes and attempts to win the lady back by giving her blessings. The maltreatment that ladies get towards them can be knowledgeable about different sorts of brutality. Those sorts of brutality can be anything from a minor push or push to something major, for example, undermining with a weapon. Previously, spousal maltreatment has been treated as a genuinely straightforward arrangement of savage practices. The five most normal sorts of residential or spousal viciousness are: 1) when a lady is tossed against an item, 2) when she is hit with the man's open hand or clench hand, 3) when she is pushed or shaken approximately, 4) when she is hit with an item and the 5) what's more, generally fatal of everything is the point at which a lady is compromised with a weapon (Rhodes 32). The reasons for abusive behavior at home towards ladies in the United States are some yet the most popular and clear are the male sex perspectives of being number one. Men have the possibility that ladies are useless and mediocre compared to them. This idea degenerates ladies to a lower class or type of life that can not permit men to see ladies as their equivalents. As indicated by Violence Hits Home, Karen Rosen detailed that men who misuse

The Work of Svetlana Alexievich, Recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature

The Work of Svetlana Alexievich, Recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature The recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature is Svetlana Alexievich from Belarus. By naming her this year’s recipient, the Swedish Academy has made a strong statement in support of an author who is a champion of freedom of speech. Svetlana Alexievich’s home country Belarus is Europe’s only dictatorship. Belarus has no freedom of speech, no freedom of the press, and no freedom of assembly. The country sentences its political prisoners to death and persecutes its authors and journalists. The Belarusian regime sees Alexievich as a threat because her books are based on interviews with hundreds of ordinary citizens where they talk about their experiences during World War II, the Soviet Afghan War, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and the identity crisis experienced by many in the aftermath of the Soviet Union’s collapse. By giving voice to the individual, Alexievich gives voice to a narrative that opposes the official propaganda of the regime, an act that forced her into exile for many years. If you wish to read the books by Svetlana Alexievich, so far three of them have been translated into English. War’s Unwomanly Face War’s Unwomanly Face is Svetlana Alexievich’s first book and was published in 1985 in what was then the Soviet Union. Based on interviews with hundreds of women, Alexievich tells the story of their experiences at the Soviet front lines in World War II. Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghan War At the time of publication, Zinky Boys caused an outrage in the Soviet Union. In her book, Alexievich gives voice to the soldiers who fought in the Soviet Union’s ill-fated war in Afghanistan and their families, exposing the truth behind the government’s propaganda. An excerpt from Zinky Boys has been published by Granta. The excerpt contains the testimonies of a soldier, a widow, a mother, and a nurse. Voice from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster In February 1986 the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl in Ukraine exploded, causing the greatest peacetime nuclear disaster in the world. Northern Belarus received most of the radioactive fallout. An excerpt from Voices from Chernobyl has been published by The Paris Review. It is a harrowing and deeply emotional read that exposes the human suffering as well as the hypocrisy of the now-defunct Soviet regime and the current dictatorship of Belarus. Note: A previous version of this post stated that the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located in Belarus. This has now been corrected. Save Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Nietzsche And Platonism Essay examples - 916 Words

In Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche writes, quot;My objection against the whole of sociology in England and France remains that it knows from experience only the forms of decay, and with perfect innocence accepts its instincts of decay as the norm of sociological value-judgments. The decline of life, the decrease in the power to organize, that is to tear open clefts, subordinate and super-ordinate -- all this has been formulated as the ideal in contemporary sociology.quot; (p 541). The culture of Europe at the time of Nietzsche’s writing was experiencing a general decline in vitality which was exemplified in Christianity (Platonism) and anarchy or nihilism. Nietzsche saw himself as a kind of philosophical doctor, capable of diagnosing†¦show more content†¦The Christian, Nietzsche claims, is similar to the nihilist. He denies the natural rank order of the world in favor of an unrealistic vision of the equality of all souls. This rejection of super- and subordination is a symptom of resentment against reality. It is the dissatisfied cry of the weak who, instead of acting in accord with their own temperaments, revolt against nature and commit a kind of arrogance against the world. These advocates of communal life thought that humans would enjoy expanded freedom and happiness with the abolition of property, leadership, unequal social status and privilege. But, Nietzsche points out, the complaints and desires of the Christian nihilist are the complaints and desires of those who want revenge on a world that has denied them what they are too weak to seize. quot;...there is a fine dose of revenge in every complaint.quot; (p. 534). The nihilist tries to find someone at fault for the suffering that he undergoes, and in this fault-finding is exhibited the weakness of one who cannot simply move forward with his own life. The only difference between the Christian and the nihilist is that the Christian finds fault in himself while the nihilist finds fault in o thers. A world full of Christians is a world in decline. Desiring release from suffering in the here and now, Christians imagine the existence of illusory, utopian worlds beyond this one: the Christian Heaven, or a Platonic â€Å"realm ofShow MoreRelatedNietzsche and Platonism935 Words   |  4 PagesIn Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche writes, My objection against the whole of sociology in England and France remains that it knows from experience only the forms of decay, and with perfect innocence accepts its instincts of decay as the norm of sociological value-judgments. The decline of life, the decrease in the power to organize, that is to tear open clefts, subordinate and super-ordinate -- all this has been formulated as the ideal in contemporary sociology. (p 541). The culture of EuropeRead MoreNietzsches critique of Plato and Christianity2437 Words   |  10 Pagesourselves, the murderers of all murderers?† (Nietzsche, 1882, 1887, s. 125).This is one of many renowned and influ ential quotes devised by the prolific German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. A lover of Greek myths and a philologist by trade, Nietzsche expounded his controversial philosophy with an iron fist criticizing Platonism, Christianity and other popular forms of thought as anesthetising and suppressing the instinctual, impulsive energies of man. Nietzsche was the original non-conformist and trueRead MoreThe Art of Rhetoric767 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage that holds the power to (re)define happiness alongside socially constructed state and self-interested agendas. The most radical voice in this spectrum is Nietzsche who inverts historiography in his claim that â€Å"Every advance in epistemology and moral knowledge has reinstated the Sophists (Will to Power). I’ve chosen Nietzsche as a â€Å"third sophistic† figure (alongside Gorgias) particularly because he counters the rhetoric of Christianity’s beating insistence that â€Å"the meek shall inherit theRead MoreShakespeares King Lear vs. Tuesdays with Morrie1495 Words   |  6 Pagesto modernism, but its roots can be traced to ancient philosophical traditions ranging from Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Buddhism and Platonism (Flynn). The essence of existentialism is authenticity of experience, asking the philosopher to undergo deep introspection. However, existentialism is perhaps most famous for its probing questions about what Friedrich Nietzsche called the tension of the soul, (2). Known colloquially as existential angst, the tension of the soul, search for meaning and purposeRead MorePhilosophy C100 Quiz 121572 Words   |  7 Pagesphenomena |    | noumena |    | das Ding-an-sich |   X | All of the above. | 16.   The early 19th century philosophical position which maintained that being is the transcendental unfolding or expression of thought or reason was known as    | Neo-Platonism |    | Kantianism |   X | Absolute Idealism |    | Darwinism | 17.   Whose philosophy could be described as vision of the history of the universe and human consciousness as a necessary unfolding of infinite reason.    | Marx | X | Hegel | Read MorePlato s Theory Of The Forms1704 Words   |  7 Pageshis student, Aristotle, laying the groundwork for Western philosophy and science through their collective work. Plato has also been considered one of the founders of western religion, especially Christianity, which Friedrich Nietzsche called â€Å"Platonism for the people† (Nietzsche, 2013). A lot of Plato’s philosophy focused on Christian ideals and aspects that are still used today in the Christian churches around the world. Plato was very involved in Athenian politics during his time and this was reflectedRead MoreThe Romantic Imagination in Action3457 Words   |  14 Pagesgenius, the world is made through the imagination. When Nietzsche in the 19th century made the statement that there were no real facts, only interpretations, it was clear that he was summing up the legacy of the 18th century and paving the way for the promise of 20th century psychology. The concept of Will to Power is a concept of Nietzsches thought, which has lead to many interpretations. In his theory of Will to Power, Nietzsche proposes that all living things are motivated by the need toRead MoreCallicles2039 Words   |  9 Pageslogical process of dialectic. He acknowledges that Callicles will probably dismiss this account as an old wives tale however he believes that this picture of the world or something like it is worth the risk of believing. Perhaps it is this form of Platonism that Leask refers to when he says it ‘is a spiritually-directed, â€Å"religious† philosophy which, although never anti-rational, realizes that its source and its â€Å"goal† is qua spiritual, beyond the grasp of correlational, discursive thought’.12 I haveRead MoreGod Is Dead2469 Words   |  10 Pagesreligion, but to practice it openly without fear of legal retaliation or of retaliation of any kind. The God-Is-Dead Theology is not a new belief but has existed since the late nineteenth century with its roots founded in statements made by Friedrich Nietzsche who lived from 1844 and died in 1900. The sole purpose of this paper is to show the historical workings of those â€Å"theologians† who created the God-Is-Dead theology, how it got its possible rise stemming from the events of the French Revolution, andRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesworldview (secularism) is believed to be the universal truth. Fredrich Nietzsche critiques that all claims of truth, reason and science are tools for the preservation of life by the will to power which seeks to control and to dominate (1968: 227). Karl Marx warns us the possibility of â€Å"false consciousness† (False belief in social reality structures that betray the believers) (Mannheim 1936: 78). Karl Mannheim learns from Nietzsche and borrows from Karl Marx the concept of false consciousness and

Commonwealth Games - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3833 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category History Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES BY MARTINS BEN IGWE THE COMMONWEALTH FAMILY The Commonwealth is an association of independent sovereign states spread over every continent and ocean. The Commonwealth’s 2 billion people make up 30% of the world’s population and are of many faiths, races, languages, cultures and traditions. The Commonwealth Games Family is best described as all persons who are entitled to accreditation at the Games under the provisions of the CGF. COMMONWEALTH GAMES FEDERATION (CGF) The CGF is the governing body of the Commonwealth Games with the overall responsibility for the direction and control of the Games. The Patron is Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the Vice Patron is HRH the Earl of Wessex. Other members of the governing body are the President, Executive Board Members, Committees, Staff and Distinguished Guests of the CGF, Secretary General of the Commonwealth Sovereigns, Heads of State Government (including royalty), Future Organising Committees, World Anti Doping Association and the Court of Arbitration for Sports. THE HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES The Commonwealth games were first held in 1930 in a city called Hamilton, Canada where 11 countries sent 400 athletes to take part in 6 sports and 59 events. Bobby Robinson, a major influence within athletics in Canada at the time, finally implemented the event that had been talked about amongst Commonwealth nations for over thirty years with the City of Hamilton providing $30,000 to help cover travelling costs of the participating nations. Since then, the Games have been conducted every four years, except for 1942 and 1946 due to the World War II. The event has seen many changes, not least in its name. From 1930 to 1950 the Games were known as the British Empire Games, from 1954 until 1966 the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and from 1970 to 1974 they took on the title of British Commonwealth Games. It was the 1978 Games in Edmon ton that saw this unique, world class, and multi-sports event change its name to the Commonwealth Games. Often referred to as the â€Å"Friendly Games†, only single competition sports had been on the programme from 1930 up to and including the 1994 Games in Victoria. The 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur saw the introduction of team sports with nations taking part in cricket (50 over game), hockey (men and women), netball (women) and rugby 7s (men). In Manchester in 2002 hockey, netball and rugby 7s graced the programme again and at the 2006 Games in Melbourne basketball accompanied hockey, netball and rugby 7s on the programme. Presently in Delhi 2010 hockey, netball and rugby 7’s are again a feature. The 2002 Games in Manchester also saw for the first time, indeed at any multi-sport event in the world, a limited number of full medal events for elite athletes with a disability (EAD) in a fully inclusive sports programme. This continued in Melbourne where EAD athletes t ook part in athletics, swimming, table tennis and powerlifting. In the year 2000 the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) took on the added responsibility of the Commonwealth Youth Games, open to athletes 18 years of age and under the Youth Games provide an excellent opportunity for aspiring young athletes from the Commonwealth with a taste of what the Commonwealth Games has in store for them in the future. The inaugural Games were in Edinburgh with the last edition being hosted in 2004 in Bendigo, Australia with Pune in India in 2008 hosting the 3rd edition. In such a short space of time the Youth Games has grown in stature and this is evidenced by award of the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games to the Isle of Man. The story of the Games evolved yet again on the 9th November 2007 when Glasgow (Scotland) was awarded the right to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games. COMMONWEALTH GAMES ASSOCIATIONS (CGA) The CGAs are the 71 recognised organisations that are responsible for preparing, sel ecting and sending a team of athletes and support staff to compete in each Commonwealth Games, Athletes, Presidents and Secretaries General, Chefs de Mission, Team Officials (Coaches, Media, Medical, and Administrative) and special guests. THE 20TH COMMONWEALTH GAMES The 20th Commonwealth Games in 2014 tagged Glasgow 2014 will be held in Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland. The winning city was announced by the Commonwealth Games Federation on 9 November 2007 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The Games will run over 11 days of competition from 24 July to 3 August 2014. It will be the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland. Over the last 10 years however Glasgow and Scotland have also staged World, Commonwealth, European or British events in all 17 sports proposed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, including the World Badminton Championships in 1997. It will be the third time the Commonwealth Games have been held in Scotland, previously hosting in 1970 and 1986, both occasions in Ed inburgh. BIDDING TO HOST THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2014 Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh (which hosted the Games in 1970 and 1986, and the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000) following a cost-benefit analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. The Scottish Executive under the First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell, with the support of the United Kingdom government and all main parties in the Scottish Parliament, formally announced Glasgows intention to host the games on 16 August 2005. In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bid team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the Nig erian capital, Abuja and Halifax in Canada. In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, in order to inspect the citys existing and proposed amenities and facilities. Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful. Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government. That left Abuja and Glasgow as the remaining bidders, with Abuja seen as a likely favourite due the basis of its campaign that an African nation has never before hosted the Commonwealth Games. The deadline for formal submission of bids to the Commonwealth Games Federation, in the form of a Candidate City File, was set for May 2007. Both bids were highly recommended, though Glasgows bid team had made use of extensive benchmarking against the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and as a result, its bid was deemed technically superior accordin g to the CGF Evaluation Report that was released in September 2007. The Commonwealth Games Evaluation Commission concluded that: Glasgow has shown it has the ability to stage the 2014 Commonwealth Games to a standard which would continue to enhance the image and prestige of the Games. This put Glasgow ahead in terms of the technical comprehensiveness of its bid. The final decision on the host city of the 2014 Commonwealth Games was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 9 November 2007 at the Commonwealth Games Federation General Assembly, attended by all 71 Commonwealth Games member associations. Each bid city made a presentation to the General Assembly, the order of which was determined by drawing lots. Glasgows delegation was led by Louise Martin, First Minister Alex Salmond, athlete Jamie Quarry and Leader of Glasgow City Council Steven Purcell. The presentation also included a promotional film narrated by Sir Sean Connery. Abujas delegation was led by General Yakubu Gowon, head o f the Abuja 2014 Commonwealth Games bid team. The CGF members subsequently voted for their preferred candidate in a secret ballot. As there were only two bids, the winner was announced by the CGF President, Mike Fennell, after the first round of voting, with the winner only requiring a simple majority. The results of the bidding process were: Abuja (Nigeria)24 votes Glasgow (Scotland)47 votes GAMES IMPACT The Scottish Government, Glasgow City Council and Commonwealth Games Scotland all have ambitious plans to generate a lasting social, economic and sporting legacy from the Games. Historically host cities have seldom managed to achieve these kinds of legacy benefits, but the planning and preparation for Glasgows bid goes back to 2002, and much consideration has been given to this aspect. Indeed the belief that the Games could be a catalyst for such change was one of the major reasons why Glasgow put in a bid in the first place. The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games will have a pr ofound impact on the positive reputation on the City of Glasgow and Scotland. It will affect the environment, economic climate and society as a whole. Glasgow 2014 Organizing Committee will approach the journey to deliver the Games in a responsible and sustainable manner. A number of key policies will be developed to tackle Games delivery issues such as sustainability, the environment, accessibility and health and safety. It is Glasgow 2014s intention to cascade its philosophy throughout all operational aspects of the organization and to collaborate with its Games partners and stakeholders to maximize the value of such initiatives may bring as a result of a successful Games. MISSION, VISION AND VALUES OF THE ORGANIZING BODY FOR GLASGOW 2010 The mission The mission of the organizing body is to organize and deliver the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games in a way that fully realizes the aspirations of the Glasgow Bid and the contractual obligations of the Host City Contract on ime and on budget. The vision The vision of the organizing body is to stage an outstanding, athlete-centered and sport-focused Games of world-class competition that will be celebrated across the Commonwealth, generate enormous pride in Glasgow and Scotland, and leave a lasting legacy. The values The value of the organizing body is an inclusive organization that epitomizes the values of integrity, responsibility and endeavor. It is one in which all people of Scotland will be valued. They also aim to engage other game partners in the spirit of sportsmanship. FINANCING AND ADMINISTRATION The Scottish Government and Glasgow City Council agreed to underwrite the Organizing Committees net running costs of staging the Games, which is currently budgeted at ? 288m. This will be on the basis of an 80/20 split. It is expected that the majority of the 80% of costs to be covered by the Scottish Government will be new money committed to the sports and major events budget. A further ? 50m is expected to be raised through merchandising, broadcasting, sponsorship and ticket sales. Current major corporate sponsors include; Clydesdale Bank, Highland Spring, O2, FirstGroup, BBC Scotland and Diageo. Other capital expenditure is taking place in addition to the Organizing Committees budget, principally on venue infrastructure. Only three entirely new venues are required to stage the games, which are budgeted at a combined total of ? 200 million and additions to existing venues will cost an additional ? 70 million, although most of this investment had been planned to take place regardless of the bid result. The Games Village is projected to cost some ? 229 million and will be developed through a Public Private Partnership scheme. Following the announcement on 9 November 2007 that Glasgow will host the Games, the Scottish Parliament passed the Glasgow Commonwealth Games Bill. This legislation aims to protect the Games from Ambush marketing and ticket touts, while putting powers in p lace to address matters such as transport and land purchase. The Glasgow Commonwealth Games Act 2008 received Royal Assent on 10 June 2008. On 14 November 2007, the First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond announced the disbandment of the bid committee headed Louise Martin, Chair of the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland and Bid Director and said that a new committee would be announced within the next 100 days. On 8 February 2008, Sir Robert Smith was appointed as Chair of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games organizing company. Smith is the former Chairman of the Weir Group, CEO of Morgan Grenfell Private Equity and BBC Governor and Chairman for the Broadcasting Council for Scotland PREPARATIONS BY HOST COMMUNITY VENUES One of the key technical aspects of Glasgows successful bid was the fact that the city already has 70 percent of the planned venues in place. The vast majority of venues are located within 20-minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Dalmarnock and a re broadly grouped into three clusters; in the East End, South Side and West End districts of the city. The only sports held outside the Greater Glasgow area will be the Diving and Full-Bore Shooting events. ?Main Stadia Hampden Park, Scotlands National Football Stadium, located on the South Side, will be the main venue for Athletics and the Closing Ceremony, while Celtic Park, located in the East End, will be used for the Opening Ceremony. ?West End cluster The Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, located in the West End of the city, will host Wrestling and Judo, as well the Main Press Centre and the International Broadcast Centre, benefiting from its strategic position adjacent to the new headquarters of BBC Scotland and SMG at Pacific Quay. The Clyde Auditorium will host Weightlifting, whilst the new Scottish National Arena will be used for the Gymnastics and Netball events. Kelvingrove Park, will be the venue for Bowls and already has five bowling greens installed fo r competitive use. A comprehensive upgrade and refurbishment of the park is underway. Kelvingrove Park is situated close to the SECC and is adjacent to the Kelvin Hall, which will host the Boxing tournament. Scotstoun Sports Centre will host Table tennis and Squash. ?East End Cluster A new National Indoor Sports Arena and the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome Complex is planned for Parkhead in the East End of the city, the Velodrome itself will be opposite Celtic Park, which will be used for the opening ceremony. These venues will become the headquarters of Sportscotland and Scottish Cycling, and will also host Badminton as well as Track cycling. The Road cycling and Cycling Time-trial events will start and finish at Glasgow Green. Glasgow Green will also be the venue for Field hockey and will see the construction of a new Regional Hockey Centre. The Athletes’ Village will be located adjacent to the National Indoor Sports Arena and Velodrome in Dalmarnock at Cuningar Loop on the banks of the River Clyde. The village will form the centrepiece of the wider Clyde Gateway Project, a strategic ? 1. 6 billion inner city regeneration project for the East End of the city. The village masterplan covers a 35 hectare site and will be purpose-built to house 6,000 athletes and officials in 2,500 residential units and leave a legacy of regeneration in this deprived district of the city. Tollcross Park Aquatics Centre will be the venue for Race swimming events. It already has one Olympic standard 50 metre swimming pool, which will be extensively upgraded, and a second 50 metre pool is also to be added for the Games as a warm-up facility. The existing permanent seating capacity will also be increased by 1000. Combined with additional temporary seating there will be over 5,000 seats for the Games in 2014. Strathclyde Country Park, on the eastern outskirts of Glasgow, will host the Triathlon event. ?South Side Cluster Ibrox Stadium, in the South Side, is the planned venue for the Rugby Sevens tournament. Mountain biking will be held on the Cathkin Braes near Rutherglen, the highest point in the city. The Marathon will also begin and end at Hampden Park in the South Side, which is hosting all the Track and Field Athletics events. ?Satellite Venues Diving will be held at the Royal Commonwealth Pool in Edinburgh, located 45 miles (72 km) to the east, which will also be holding the annual Edinburgh Festival at the same time as the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The Shooting competitions will take place at two separate outdoor venues, the Strathclyde Police ranges at Jackton, near East Kilbride, and the Ministry of Defence full-bore rifle and clay target ranges at Barry Buddon, near Dundee, which were also used in the 1986 Commonwealth Games. It should also be noted that shooting is the only sporting event that will not derive an enhanced physical legacy from the Games. INFRASTRUCTURES ?Transportation As stated by the Organizing Committee, over two billi on pounds will have been spent on enhancements to the citys transport infrastructure by 2014, including completion of major motorway links, like the M74 and East End Regeneration Route. There are also planned improvements to public transport provision, such as the Clyde Fastlink project. All venues in the Glasgow area will be directly served by citys extensive railway and subway network, with its main interchange at Glasgow Central/St Enoch, including; Hampden Park and Jackton, as well as the other major venues served by either the central Argyle Line or Subway. There are also ongoing improvements to the River Clyde such as the construction of new bridges and development of river-based transport. ?Utilities Glasgow has a comprehensive mains electricity network supplied by the National Grid, which is operated by Scottish Power and generated from an increasing share of renewable sources, such as Whitelee Wind Farm. More flexible electricity supplies are also readily available, w ith mobile generating specialists Aggreko, based in the city. Scottish Water operates Glasgows primary water supply, which is sourced from Loch Katrine and enters the city via the state-of-the-art Milngavie water treatment works. The city has a world class healthcare sector administered by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. ?Security Strathclyde Police have a proven track record in providing security at high profile events such as the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final and the 2005 G8 summit. The Scottish Government is working closely with the Games organisers, the Police and other security services to ensure that the security arrangements in place for the Games are responsive to all circumstances. The funding for security has been considered from the outset. ?Accommodations Glasgow currently has some 11,870 hotel rooms, including three 5-star hotels. There are plans for eight new hotels in and around Glasgow. Ranging from 3 to 5 star accommodation; they will collectively provide a fur ther 1,445 beds by 2014. The Glasgow City Marketing Bureau has also obtained contractual agreements from 67 hotels in the city to guarantee room rates with no minimum length of stay. ?Telecommunications In terms of telecommunications, Glasgow was voted the Intelligent Community of the Year in 2004 by the Intelligent Community Forum, in recognition of the citys comprehensive level of Broadband Internet access and highly developed 3G and Wi-Fi networks. ?Environmental Forum The Scottish Government has set up an environmental forum to provide advice and to challenge the 2014 Commonwealth Games delivery partners on the sustainability and environmental aspects of the Games, including on the design and construction of facilities and planning and operation of the Games and on legacy issues. The membership is drawn from environmental and wildlife protection organisations, local government, Scottish Government and agencies. In order to fulfil a commitment made in the Glasgow 2014 bid t o ffset carbon emissions from the Games, the Scottish Government will work with its delivery partners to develop a carbon offsetting scheme for the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. The scheme will become active soon after the completion of the Delhi Games in October 20 CONCERNS AND CONTROVERSIES Numerous activists groups, individuals, academics, media sources, politicians and charitable organisations have been critical of backing the bid to host the Games in Glasgow and of the extent the games will bring positive benefits to the people of Glasgow and Scotland as a whole. There are currently two dedicated media sources focused on holding decision makers to account regarding Legacy Commitments and presenting opposition to the displacement of residents. They are also lamenting the closure of facilities and amenities as a result of property development tied to the Games. These sources are Don’t Back the Bid (DBB) and Glasgow Games Monitor (GGM) 2014. Criticism of Health Improv ement Claims A recently published report by Gery McCartney et al. n the British Medical Journal (BMJ 2010; 340: c2369) has cast serious doubt on the potential health benefit legacy of the Commonwealth Games 2014. Their report analysed fifty-four studies assessing the health and socio-economic impacts of major multi-sport events on the host population between 1978 and 2008. Their conclusion was as follows: â€Å"Our review found insufficient evidence to confirm or refute expectations about the health or socio-economic benefits of the host population of previous multi-sport events. Benefits from future events – such as the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in London or the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow – cannot be expected to occur automatically. On this note, until decision makers include robust, long term evaluations as part of their designs and implementation of events, it is unclear how the costs can be justified in terms of host population benefits†. The Scottish Government commissioned the report, but when they saw the report did not conform to the outcome they wanted, they refused to publish or own it. Criticism of Budgeting In November 2009, the Games organizers claimed that the budget allocated to hosting the games would increase from ? 373 million to ? 454 million. The budget has since been increased to an estimated ? 523. 6 million – a 40% increase from the original estimate. The first increase was put down to staffing and broadcasting costs, the second increase has been blamed on inflation. This has happened in a context in which council funding cuts have forced community centre closures and a loss of funding for a number of grass-roots sports organizations. Most recently The National Arena – a new ? 12 million, 12,000-seater venue due to host the gymnastics and netball finals, and the international broadcast centre during CG2014 – has received a ? 40 million bail-out to avoid mothballing and f inancial collapse by the City Council. All these have raised serious objections from those kicking against the hosting rights. Criticism of Displacement of Residents In 2009 a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) was served by Glasgow City Council on a number of homes and businesses on Ardenlea Street and Springfield Road. These properties are earmarked for demolition to make way for the building of the Athlete’s Village. Before a CPO is served, the Council is required to negotiate with property owners and come to a just and reasonable compensation for their property. In the case of some group of long-time residents on Ardenlea Street, this has not been the case. Before the end of 2010, those Dalmarnock homeowners and shop-owners in the way of development for the Commonwealth Games Village will be made homeless through eviction orders by Glasgow City Council. No compensation price for their properties has been agreed or paid. Despite repeated attempts by the property owners, the Council has refused to negotiate with them. Activists claim this matter has been particularly controversial in lieu of a hugely profitable land deal done between wealthy Mayfair property developer Charles Price and the City Council. Price bought a parcel of land adjacent to Ardenlea Street and Spingfield Road in Dalmarnock for ? 8 million in the period 2002-2005. The land also lies on a site earmarked for the Commonwealth Games Village and is likewise deemed essential for the Games development. The City Council had it within their powers to perform a Compulsory Purchase Order on Price’s land, but instead negotiated with Price (a process denied to Margaret Jaconelli and the other shopkeepers) resulting in a ? 17 million sale of the land with ? 3 million added VAT. A total cost of ? 20 million pounds of public money. A spokesman for Glasgow City Council said that compulsory purchase powers were not used against Price’s company because officials had been able to agree a deal with him. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Commonwealth Games" essay for you Create order

Blood Donation Free Essays

Imagine a happy healthy teen. He does well in school and is easy to get along with. Imagine he is diagnosed with leukemia and requires daily platelet and blood transfusions just to stay alive. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Donation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, imagine he has a rare blood type that requires him to be moved to a larger hospital for treatment. This is just another thing for him and his family to worry about. Similar stories happen every day in the United States. It is estimated that every three seconds a patient in the U. S needs a blood transfusion. Donated blood saves 4. 5 million lives in America each year. Yet only 5% of the eligible U.  S population donates blood in any given year. This is a sad fact considering healthy donors are the only source of blood. Since it can not be made or harvested, there is no substitute. The blood supply in the US is consistently low, and the demand for it increases each year. Everyone in good health should donate blood at least once a year. There are many reasons why people should donate. First you should know that it is a safe and healthy thing to do. Not only do you get a free mini physical, including blood pressure check, heart rate, temperature and iron levels, but it is the fastest way to lose a pound! Also, disasters like car accidents, fires, and other trauma cases happen every day and these patients need blood, and rarely do they need only one pint. A bleeding trauma victim can run through 100 units of blood in no time. And because of our growing and aging population, as well as the huge expansion of health care facilities, our blood usage is growing at three times the national rate, and the usage of it outpaces donor collections. With it estimated that up to 85% of us will need blood in our life time it is unlikely that the 5% donating now can sustain the rest. Many people who do not donate give the same reasons. Number one is they do not like needles or are afraid to do so. Nearly everyone feels that way at first. However, most donors will tell you that you feel only a slight initial pinch, and 7-10 minutes later, you are finished. The second is that they did not know or were never asked to donate. More than 38,000 donations are needed every day in communities across the U. S. So it is important to spread the word. Another common excuse is fear of diseases. It is good to know that it is not possible to get AIDS by donating blood to the American Red Cross. A new sterile needle is used for each donor and discarded afterwards. So as you can see, it is safe, simple and most importantly it can save someone’s life. If you do not know what is required of you, it is very simple. Anyone who is at least 17 years of age, weighs at least 110 pounds, and is in good health, can donate. The donation process, from the time you arrive until the time to you leave, is only about an hour. Less than one pint is taken during a donation and it is replaced naturally by the body within 24 hours. If you take the time to make one donation, you will wonder why you ever hesitated. If you are not convinced, image again the teen, fighting for his life. Now give him a face, a name; he is your cousin, your brother, your best friend. It could even be you. My question to you is why not? Blood donors are true heroes. In fact, your one blood donation will be broken down into several components, enabling you, with just one donation, to save up to three lives. If you know someone who donates blood regularly, I urge you to go with them next time, or even on your own, and do the same. How to cite Blood Donation, Essay examples

Investigate homicide investigation in France - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Investigatehomicideinvestigation in France. Answer: Introduction The O.J. Simpson homicide case known as the People of the State of California v/s Orenthal James Simpson was a famous felonious lawsuit held at the Los Angeles County Superior court. In this case, the previous National Football League (NFL) sports person, newscaster and performer Orenthal James O.J.Simpson was adjudicated for committing two murders on June 12, 1994. He was alleged for murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and the waiter of the Mezzalua restaurant Goldman. The case lasted for 11 months starting from November 9, 1994. Simpson was declared as exemplary by the decree on October 3, 1995. It was the most promoted felonious lawsuit in the history. It is generally known as The Lawsuit of the Century. Afterwards, the Brown and Goldman families registered a lawsuit against Simpson. On February 4, 1997, he was found guilty of the two deaths and the families were recompensed an amount of $33.5 million.This review is about the important aspects of the lawsuit and the defects which were recognized in its examination. Furthermore, recommendations have also been given to overcome these defects in the future examinations. The impact of media on the result of this trial has also been discussed in the following paragraphs. The key aspects of the examination involved in the lawsuit In the "The Trial of the Century, the accused O.J.Simpson was represented by a high profile group of defense attorneys known as the Dream Team. It was led by Robert Shapiro and Johnnie Cochran. The additional attorneys were F. Lee Bailey,Alan Dershowitz,Robert Kardashian,Shawn Holley,Carl E. Douglas, andGerald Uelmen. Barry ScheckandPeter Neufeld were specialized in DNA evidence. The lawsuit lasted for eleven months from November 9, 1994, to October 3, 1995. The opening proclamations were made on January 24, 1995. The decree was awarded on October 3, 1995, when he was declared guilt free for both the murders. After he was being acquitted, there were no further detentions (CBS News, 2017). The homicide of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman was alleged to have after 10.00 pm on June 12, 1994. It was revealed by a neighbor after twelve in the night. The police were called for an examination of evidence and to decide if the case was worth examining and the records were unaffected. After investigation, it was revealed that his ex-wife Brown was attacked many times on her head and neck and had defending injuries on her hands. The casualties were dead for around two hours before the examination started. They also investigated Kato Kaelin who was Simpsons friend and an actor, staying at his guest house. Apart from other proofs, the examiners found a mitten on the examination spot and hair on it was similar to that of Goldmans. Simpson was not present at the time of the investigation. The investigators went to his estate to inform him about his wifes homicide. On the way back, they saw blood stains over his Ford. When the examiners arrived at the spot in the morning, he was not present. He had taken a flight to Chicago late night on the previous day. Upon investigation of the house, another blood stained glove was found, which was same as the earlier found glove. The blood on it was of the deceased casualties.This was the possible reason for the arrest warrant of Simpson. Besides this, the DNA of the blood on Simpsons socks in his bedroom was that of Browns. The hair which was found on Goldmans shirt was similar to that of Simpsons. Dark blue cotton fibers were present on Goldman were similar to that of Simpsons shirt (Harris, 2013). Evidence revealed that he was alleged in 1989 for attacking his wife, so taking into account his violent nature, there was a possibility of murdering his wife. The size of the shoe imprints present on the site also resembled that of Simpsons (Moore, 2014). The defects in the examination process of the crime, having an impact on its result In the O.J.Simpson case, logical proofs should have been given utmost importance. It was proved that DNA of the blood stains found at the site and on Simpsons car were of Goldman,Brown and Simpson.So, it gave the investigators a chance to declare him guilty. The police withdrew themselves from the case by handling it incompetently (Fahsing, 2016). There were certain examples where they mismanaged the evidence such as keeping the proofs of blood inside plastic rather than keeping in paper boxes, where they could deteriorate. The blood samples were collected after a long time when the crime was commited. The police had not submitted them to the laboratory immediately after they were collected from the site. These were some illustrations to show that the proofs had been mismanaged by the police (Ladapo, 2017). The defense attorneys believed that the blood samples gathering and its evaluation were mismanaged so that the altering could not be denied. As a result, the examination of the DNA could not be accepted. The police removed the stains from the fence , after two weeks of the crime. The investigation process for the OJ Simpson case was not systematic. It completely focused on him and no other suspects were examined (Kumar Goyal, 2017). An incident room which is used to examine the suspects was not used in this case for the reason that Simpson was the only suspect. The examination of Simpson was a failure because the police did not ask the required questions and any evidence which could have been necessary to the case was ignored. Because of lack of communication an important proof was lost. The prints of the bloodstained fingerprints were not collected. It may sound absurd that some members of the investigation team did not pay attention to the other members advice because they were less experienced (Fisher Fisher, 2012). Due to the interference of the media, the body of Nicole Brown was covered with a blanket which altered the evidence and it could not be used to prove anything against Simpson. The cameras were encapsulated in the courtroom. This resulted in the case being forged and dramatic. The glove which was doubted to be of Simpsons was introduced in the court to give him a trial. It was too small for his hand, which gave the attorneys an opportunity to prove his innocence. All the evidence enabled the attorneys to prove that he was not guilty of the murder of his wife and her friend (Crime Museum, 2017). Methods through which the nonsuccess of the examination could have been overcome and their prevention in the future examinations The investigation process of the O. J. Simpson case highlighted the errors committed by the police in its forensic work and it was set as a guideline before the law administration. There were certain flaws in the investigative procedures and it gave the opportunity to the attorneys to prove Simpsons innocence (Parrillo, 2017). Some of them are as follows and there are certain suggestions to improve them in the future examinations: Poor handling of the proofs by the Los Angeles police gives the lesson that proper processes should be followed regarding the proofs and honest revelations should be made before the jury. The evidence should not be contaminated and should be preserved properly. When Simpson was declared innocent of killing his wife and her friend, the Los Angeles Police Department made certain changes in its investigative section which was referred to as a cesspool of contamination for careless handling of proofs. Another defect, in this case, was that the basis of proofs was not defined and they couldnt be easily tracked. For example, the police observed the blood-stained pair of socks found in the Simpsons bedroom, two months later, only when they were examined at the crime laboratory. The forensic technicians were offended by poor packing of proofs. The proofs were left in an overheating van on a summer day. Due to this, the police now utilize barcodes to scan and track them and the investigation is more strictly controlled by properly trained investigators. Last but not the least, the proofs which are collected must be evaluated carefully before presenting to the court. They must be sorted as competent and incompetent which should not be presented before the jury. They should also be able to interlink between the proofs (Burney Pemberton, 2013). So, examination procedure in any crime is crucial and it should be handled prudently. The crime scenarios should be safeguarded and all the suspects must be examined. The proofs should be carefully handled by experienced criminalists so that the jury is able to make the right decision (Abdollah, 2014). Effect of media on the outcome of the case The impact of media on any newsworthy incident cannot be ignored. It covers certain events such as celebrity news, natural disasters, corruption and murder. The most well-known case in this context is the murder trial of OJ Simpson (1994-95). Simpsons case was affected by the intervention of media. It is described as one of the most famous cases in American history. While the journalists took the photographs of the deceased victims and the cameras were encapsulated in the courtroom to broadcast the case. It resulted in the contamination and devastation of evidence. The trial of OJ Simpson was connected to racial judgment against the blacks. Undeniably, the place of filing the suit was affected by the racial issues. It was against the renowned African American, gained a lot of public attention from the African American public. As a result, it received a lot of coverage from the media (Brunty, Miller Helenek, 2014). They keenly waited to observe if a black person can receive justice from the American jury. As a consequence, they declared Simpson innocent to favor the public judgment. The media altered the doctrine of the case which had an impact on the focus of the investigators. The incidents of domestic violence which were associated with this case lifted it from murder to domestic violence. It enabled the investigators to accept that Simpson was guilty much before appropriate proofs were gathered. Another interesting point is the Glove Catastrophe. It reflects how media can influence the public opinion of a trail. It made a headline quoting If the glove doesnt fit, you must acquit. Actually, the quote was If it doesnt fit, you must acquit. So it misleads the decision of the OJ Simpson case (Rowe, 2014). The assessment to install the cameras in the courtroom also affected the decision of the case. It made the case forged and dramatic. One crucial issue in this regard is the differential reporting of the white and African American media. Most of the African Americans believed O.J.Simpson was not guilty and he was under attack due to his position. While the white media covered that he was guilty (Times News, 2014). So, it would not be wrong to say that the role of media had a severe impact on the decision of the case. It has the power to create hype among the people in accordance with the manner in which the case is predicted. It can influence the society by changing their opinion regarding their inclination towards either of the parties (Werner, 2015). Conclusion So, to conclude, it can be said that the case of O.J. Simpson is truly The Trial of the Century. It acted as a guideline for further crime investigations. Apart from enjoying the celebrity status, it drew the attention of media and the criminalists due to the errors committed by the police and the investigation department. On 3 October 1995 The Trial of the Century was concluded with the exculpation of O.J. Simpson from the killing of his wife and her friend. The jury took only four hours to declare him innocent. All the important components of this case such as the murders, trial, exculpation and the Brono car chase fascinated and wondered the nation (Parker, 2017). This trial was followed by the filing of a civil suit by the Brown and Goldman families against Simpson. On 4 February 1997, the jury declared Simpson guilty for both deaths. The deceaseds families were reimbursed with the damages amounting to $ 33.5 million, but they received only a meager amount. References Abdollah, T.(2014). OJ Simpson case taught police what not to do at a crime scene. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.policeone.com/investigations/articles/7267753-OJ-Simpson-case-taught-police-what-not-to-do-at-a-crime-scene/ on 6 January,2018. Brunty, J., Miller, L. Helenek, K.(2014).Social Media Investigation for Law Enforcement. Routledge. Burney, I., Pemberton, N. (2013). Making space for criminalistics: Hans Gross and fin-de-sicle CSI. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 44(1), 1625. CBS News (2017).The O.J. Simpson trial: Where are they now? [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-o-j-simpson-trial-where-are-they-now/ on 30 December, 2017. Crime Museum (2017). Forensics at the OJ Simpson Trial. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/justice-system/forensic-investigation-of-the-oj-simpson-trial/ on 6 January,2018. Fahsing, I., A.(2016). The Making of an Expert Detective Thinking and Deciding in Criminal Investigations. Sweden: Ineko. Fisher, B., A.,J. Fisher, D., R(2012)Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, Eighth Edition. CRC Press. Harris, C. (2013).Investigating homicide investigation in France. Policing Society.23(3). Kumar,A. Goyal, M., K. (2017).Reconstruction of Crime Scene, a Forensic Technique used in Substantiating Alleged Homicide into Accidental Death: A Case Study. Journal of Forensic Research.8(4). Ladapo, O., A. (2017). Effective Investigations, A Pivot To Efficient Criminal Justice Administration: Challenges In Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS.5 Moore ,S. ,K. (2014).The Murder of Angie Raye Dodge. An Investigative Case Review .Judges for Justice. [ONLINE] Retrieved https://judgesforjustice.org/media/Steve-Moore-Report-on-Chris-Tapp-October-7-2014.pdf. on 6 January,2018. Parker,R.(2017). Is O.J. Innocent? The Missing Evidence': Series Concludes With Debunk of Simpson Son Theory. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/is-oj-innocent-missing-evidence-series-concludes-debunk-simpson-son-theory-964874 on 6 January 2018. Parrillo,N., R.(2017).Administrative Law from the Inside Out: Essays on Themes in the Work of Jerry L. Mashaw. Cambridge University Press. Rowe, S.(2014). OJ Simpson: was he innocent all along? The Telegraph. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10892053/OJ-Simpson-was-he-innocent-all-along.html on 6 January,2018. Times News(2014) O.J. Simpson case and trial had lasting impact on media and the courts. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.thetimesnews.com/20140613/oj-simpson-case-and-trial-had-lasting-impact-on-media-and-the-courts/306139777 on 6 January,2018 Werner ,E. (2015).Media Effects on Attitudes Towards the Criminal Justice System. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296context=honors on 6 January,2018.

Writing and Tim O Brien Essay Example

Writing and Tim O Brien Essay Annotated Bibliography Brosman Savage, Catharine. The Functions of War Literature. South Central Review. Vol. 9, No. 1, Historicizing Literary Contexts (Spring, 1992), pp. 85-98 This article talks about how this type of war literature is related to Tim OBriens story of The Things They Carried. It relates how soldiers use different kinds of items to make themselves fell secure in the time of war. It was very useful because it gives us another point of view in order to what pertains of what is really going on in a war and ow our soldiers react to it. It was useful to find other perspectives on how writing about war fiction can have different ways of being written. Chen, Tina. Unraveling the Deeper Meaning: Exile and the Embodied Poetics of Displacement in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. Contemporary Literature, Vol. 39,No. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 77-98 This article explains how its trying to find the deeper meaning of the story The Things They Carried. It tries to reveal the authors point of view of how the ar has affected the soldier s and how they are trying to make themselves safe and how most their men are dying by enemy surprise attacks. This article tries to unravel the real meaning of why OBrien wrote about a war fiction and about soldiers having different things during the war so that they can feel safe and secure. Its trying to explain why OBrien writes in way that remarks people about war. Naparsteck, Martin. An Interview with Tim OBrien. Contemporary Literature, Vol 32, No. (Spring 1991), pp. 1-11 . This article is about an interview with Tim OBrien and talks about his literacy work and how his point of view of a war has change a few people minds on how a war can change a soldiers life. It talks about how his life work has become famous for his various writings, especially when it comes to fiction about war or action. Silbergleid, Robin. Making Things Present: Tim OBriens Autobiographical Metafiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Tim O Brien specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Tim O Brien specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Tim O Brien specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Contemporary Literature. Vol. 50, No. 1 Spring, 2009, pp. 129-155 This article talks about the way OBriens way of fiction has made readers mind, be part of the writing he has made. It tells us how OBrien is very interested in action fictions and it one of his various way of writing. I found it to be useful because it goes into detail of OBriens type of writing and it challenges readers mind to go into further detail of what is happening in the story. Writing and Tim O Brien By eJtrilla14

Individual Assignment MAC107 2018 Essays - Software, Free Essays

Individual Assignment MAC107 2018 Essays - Software, Free Essays Alex Mann Principles of ICT - MAC107 TERM - 2018 0 1 Final Assessment - I ndividual A ssignment The assignment consists of two parts: P ART A (an essay written in Microsoft Word and PART B (a Micr os o ft Excel file containing charts and data related to your essay ) . Software to be used for this assignment: Part A must be completed using M icrosoft Word and saved as a .doc or . docx file Part B must be completed using Microsoft Excel and saved as a . xls or . xlsx file. Submission time/date : no later than 1pm on Thursday 12 TH of April 2018 . Submission format: B oth files (part A ( MS Word ) and and B ( MS Excel ) should be zipped up and submit via Turnitin . Work submitted late will receive a mark of 0%. Part A - MS Word (worth 70 %) A minimum of 1000 words - maximum 1500 words (excluding references) are required for this discussion. Write minimum of 1000 words - maximum 1500 words (excluding references) on the following topic: explain how a specific company or organisation has used ICT to improve their business . Include a t able of contents, introduction, relevant sections/subsections and conclusion etc Describing a specific company or organisation . 10 marks Clearly explain how ICT is being used to improve their business . 10 marks Use 3 or more citations in your work using the citations tool found in MS Word 10 Marks Provide a table of data showing statistical or numerical data relevant to your discussion (e.g. growth, sales, users) . 10 Marks Include at least 2 images and add captions (labels) to them using the Insert Caption function . 4 M arks (1 mark per image and 1 mark per caption) Automatically generate a table of figures using the table of contents tool in MS Word . 6 Marks Use heading styles where appropriate and automatically generate a table of contents 8 marks The style of the document should include the following: A header on every page of the d ocument stating your name ( centred ) A footer on every page of the document stating the page number ( centred ) Border line separating the contents of the page from a header and a footer Heading (sub-Heading) and body Page setup - left 2.0cm, right 2.0, top 2.0, bottom 1.9 Font - heading Verdana 14, body Courier New 11 Line spacing 1.5 7 Marks (1 mark for each step above) Generate a bibliography using the tool built into MS Word. 5 Marks Part B - MS Excel (30 %) Using the data you provided in part A section ii, produce the following charts include a title, label for both horizontal and vertical axis (where possible), and a legend for all charts . Show the following in the charts: a) Column chart - title, label the axi s and legend - 10 marks (1 mark for providing the chart, 3 marks each for the title, labelling the axis and a legend) b) Line chart - title, label the axi s, values and legend - 10 marks (1 mark for providing the chart, 3 marks each for the title, labelling the axis and a legend) c) Pie chart - title, values, and legend - 10 marks (1 mark f or providing the chart, 4.5 marks each f or the title, and a legend)

Cost Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Life Cycle - Essay Example There are techniques for estimating the cost of choosing the "wrong" project alternative. Deterministic techniques, such as sensitivity analysis or breakeven analysis, are easily done without the need for additional resources or information. They produce a single-point estimate of how uncertain input data affect the analysis outcome. Probabilistic techniques, on the other hand, quantify risk exposure by deriving probabilities of achieving different values of economic worth from probability distributions for input values that are uncertain. However, they have greater informational and technical requirements than deterministic techniques. Whether one or the other technique is chosen depends on factors such as the size of the project, its importance, and the resources available. Since sensitivity analysis and break-even analysis are two approaches that are simple to perform, they should be part of every LCCA. To identify critical parameters, arrive at estimates of upper and lower bounds, or answer "what if" questions, simply change the value of each input up or down, holding all others constant, and recalculate the economic measure to be tested. Decision-makers sometimes want to know the maximum cost of an input that will allow the project to still break even, or conversely, what minimum benefit a project can produce and still cover the cost of the investment. To perform a break-even analysis, benefits and costs are set equal, all variables are specified, and the break-even variable is solved algebraically. Design optimization on cost basis is also carried out under LCCA to hit upon the model, which would lead to higher performance at lower costs and competitiveness in a systematic and efficient manner. Safety, reliability and cost efficiency can be achieved through design optimization in the pre-launch phase itself. References 1. www.nianet.org/salectureseries/pdfs/Unal_041106.pdf 2.

Theories and Treatment Programs for Delinquent and Adult Offenders Research Paper

Theories and Treatment Programs for Delinquent and Adult Offenders - Research Paper Example Some treatment programs for delinquents and adult offenders may be used for both populations. Substance abuse treatments are used for both delinquents and adult offenders. According to substance treatments for both sides, the philosophy they work upon is that substance abuse is one of the major reasons why the majority of the youth and delinquents are taking part in organized crime gangs, in turn ending up with extensive criminal records. According to Nelson (2007), adult offenders take part in criminal activities as a result of their being jobless and a need to make a living, therefore, the majority end up stealing while others may have been under the influence of drugs at the time of the crime. Educational programs for individuals who may be addicted to drugs or other substances is highly recommended within the rehabilitation process. Rehabilitation is the ultimate goal of current treatment programs. During probation, the drug addicts undergo rehabilitation programs that enlighten them on the dangers of drug abuse, with a focus on transforming the individuals into responsible and productive human beings within society. At the end of many rehabilitation programs, research shows that many of these individuals turn out to be responsible individuals. Improving an individual’s ego is one treatment program for delinquent offenders. This treatment program works on the belief that if the ego of the youthful or delinquent offender is boosted by increasing self-esteem, then these individuals are able to engage as positive role models in society; they are able to have a new life that conforms to society’s values. Since the direction and focus is to instill behavioral change in the individuals this method is also used toward reforming the adult offenders, as well. The hope is that the offenders may be given an opportunity to advance in life by introducing them to

Hamlet Ophelia Shakespeare

Hamlet Ophelia Shakespeare Hamlet The Bad Shakespeares tragedy of Hamlet is considered to be Shakespeares finest tragedy. Throughout this play Hamlet experiences a variety of emotions however it is the emotions that are portrayed in Act III that define his character. Hamlet is presented in an unfavorable light based on his dealing with Ophelia, his mother and the killing of Polonius. In Act III Hamlets true personality came through and he was portrayed as a heartless person based on his actions with various characters. Hamlets dealing with Ophelia revealed that he was dishonest and was harsh in the way he spoke with her. Ophelia had confronted Hamlet about the letters and gifts that he had given her and he lied saying I never gave you aught (3.4.98). Hamlet later embarrasses her by telling her that he once loved her however he doesnt now. Poor Ophelia is ashamed and says I was the more deceived (3.1.122). Ophelia truly believed that Hamlet had loved her however he is now denying everything, including the letters and gifts that he gave her. Of course the abuse does not stop there. Hamlet tells Ophelia to Get thee to a nunnery (3.1.123) so that she wont breed more sinners and then chastises her for acting like a whore and painting (3.1.143) her face. Hamlet rebukes her saying that God has given you one face and you make yourselves another (3.1.143-144). Ophelia was disheartened that Hamlets noble mind is here oerthrown (3.1.150). Hamlet certainly showed himself to be offensive and harsh and his actions would hurt anyones feelings. Hamlets revenge on women certainly did not stop with Ophelia. The next woman to receive Hamlets wrath is his own mother, Gertrude. Gertrude called Hamlet to her room to try and find out what was wrong with him. However, Hamlet had decided that he was going to be cruel, not unnatural (3.2.370). Hamlet was going to tell his mother what he thought of her and was going to speak daggers to her but use none (3.2.371); he was going to be malicious with his words. Hamlet proceeded to tell Gertrude that because she had married her first husbands brother so quickly the heavens were sick at the act (3.4.52). She had married such a wonderful man and when he died she married Claudius and dropped from such a lofty position. Hamlet told her that she stewed in corruption, honeying and making love (3.4.94). Gertrude was so hurt by this that she begged that he speak No more (3.4.103). Hamlet yelled at her to Confess yourself to heaven. Repent whats past (3.4.151-152). Poor Gertrude could only respond that thou hast cleft my heart in twain (3.4.158); Hamlet had broken her heart. Hamlets tone and actions were so scary and erratic to Gertrude that she asked him if Thou wilt not murder me (3.4.22)? Hamlet is definitely portraying an individual that is heartless and without soul. An individual that has a conscience, self respect or dignity would never resort to terrifying their mother. Hamlets reign of terror ended with him killing Polonius. When Hamlet had scared his mother so much she called out for help and Polonius replied from behind the curtains. Hamlet said How now, a rat (3.4.25) and stabs through the curtain not knowing who was behind it. This would appear to have been an accident however when Hamlet realized that it was Polonius he did not show any remorse. Hamlet was expecting it to be Claudius behind the curtain however when he found out that it was Polonius he said I took thee for thy better (3.4.33; he thought it was someone more important. Hamlet then proceeded to call him a wretched, rash, intruding fool (3.4.32). Hamlet just killed a man and yet shows no grief or remorse over his actions. Instead he simply tells the rat that he got what he deserved. At the end of the scene he drags Polonius out of the room without dignity or care. In conclusion, Hamlet proved to everyone that he is truly a sinful person with no respect for human life or the feelings of others. Hamlet even referred to himself as proud, revengeful, ambitious (3.1.126). Throughout Act III Hamlet lied, berated and killed for his own benefit. These are not the qualities that someone of a positive nature would possess. The dealings that Hamlet had with Ophelia, his mother and the killing of Polonius prove that Hamlet is a negative force to be reckoned with which was clearly determined in Act III.

Examining the Conflict of Good versus Evil in Young Goodman Brown Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story entitled Young Goodman Brown is about a man who takes his journey to the forest to attend a special congregation—without knowing its real purpose in his life. Goodman Brown, the narrative’s protagonist believes that his faith is constant, true, and immovable, but as he takes his journey to the forest, readers realize that the main character’s faith is depthless. He creates evil thoughts throughout his journey, which makes his faith weaker, especially when he encounters the prayerful and vigilant people of his community during his walk. As he steps into the forest to attend the congregation, the evil starts to shake his faith and begins to disrupt his beliefs. The conflict of good versus evil is depicted through Goodman Brown’s unstable mind, inconsistent faith, and distrust to the people around him. This conflict changes Goodman Brown’s idea of trust and faith, as well as his way of life and relationship to others, especially his wife. The conflict of good versus evil emerges through Goodman Brown’s unstable mind, but his wife, Faith, is trying to keep his belief. When Young Goodman Brown is about to leave, his wife said: â€Å"Then God bless you! And may you find all well when you come back† (Hawthorne 190). Goodman Brown’s journey is for the benefit of evil—though he insists that it is for him and Faith, but his wife is trying to restrict him to continue his travel. However, even if Goodman Brown is blessed by his wife in his journey, he is aware of the evil’s existence and its power to hide and seek in the forest. While walking, he said: â€Å"There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree. What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow!† (191). The devilish Indians are symbolisms of evil in this novel—and due to his unstable mind, Goodman Brown is prone to evil thoughts. Even if he has faith and belief in his religion, Goodman Brown cannot stop himself from thinking about negative thoughts because the evil is leading him to the devil’s congregation. Therefore, Goodman Brown’s unstable mind serves as the evil’s instrument to disrupt his faith. Conflict between good and evil exists when Goodman Brown begins his distrust to his community. As he thinks about the devil and his wife, Goodman Brown asked the traveler: â€Å"Friend, my mind is made up. Not another step will I budge on this errand. What if a wretched old woman do choose to go to the devil when I thought she was going to heaven: is that any reason why I should quit my dear Faith and go after her?† (195) As Goodman Brown walks into the forest, he encounters different people taking their journey to the congregation—they are the prayerful and religious ones in the community. As he sees them, he begins to distrust them, which makes him think of going back to his wife. Goodman Brown does not know how to identify the difference between good and evil in the middle of his journey, so when he sees Faith into the congregation, he said: â€Å"My Faith is gone! There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil; for to thee is this world given† (197). Faith is not only the protagonist’s wife, but also a symbolism of his belief in his religion. When he says his Faith is gone, it means that his faith to his community disappears because he believes that these people lives with the devil and not with their God. Goodman Brown fails to trust the people around him and think that they are evil because deep inside him, he is defending himself from being part of the devil. Goodman Brown experiences conflict of good versus evil due to his inconsistent faith. The forest is a symbolism of evil because there is â€Å"no church had ever been gathered or solitary Christian prayed† (196)—and Goodman Brown takes this path as a sign of his union with the devil. Despite of his wife’s disapproval, the protagonist continues his journey, which proves his inconsistent faith to his religion. When he is about to see the congregation and feel the evil spirit within his midst, the protagonist realizes that his faith is gone with him. As he tries to restore his faith, Goodman Brown shouted: â€Å"With heaven above and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil!† (196). The protagonist is trying to use his faith to keep him away from harm, but his soul is offered to the evil. Seeing his community being part of the congregation is a justification of his inconsistent faith because he does not trust anyone around him, even his faith that should only be his source of strength. As he demonstrates his inconsistent faith, his evil attacks his body, mind, and soul. Goodman Brown is a good man, but he fails to bring his faith in his journey to the forest. The conflict of good versus evil emerges when he decides to leave Faith and takes his journey alone. He leaves his faith in his house and thinks that he can overcome any obstacle in his path, but he is unsuccessful because unstable mind, inconsistent faith, and distrust to the people around him become the instrument of evil to own his mind, body, and soul. As a result, Goodman Brown’s mind, body, and soul are eaten by the devil—and no matter how he tries to keep his faith; he cannot restore his belief because the evil lies within his wholeness.

Critical Review of a Paper Investigating the Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy

Introduction The paper to be reviewed is an investigation by Duncan, Forbes-McKay and Henderson (2012) into the application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1988, 1991) and its effectiveness in predicting intention to carry out health related behaviours. The TPB is a social cognition model, meaning that it seeks to predict intention to carry out a behaviour and to understand why individuals may fail to adhere to a behaviour to which they were once committed. The theory claims that three variables can be used to predict an individual’s behaviour: the individual’s attitude toward the behaviour, the attitude of significant others toward the behaviour and the individual’s perceived control over a behaviour. Perceived control over behaviour is governed by both internal factors such as an individual’s skills or available resources, and external factors such as actual opportunities to carry out the behaviour. Unlike the individual’s attitude toward the b ehaviour and the attitude of others, perceived control over the behaviour is believed to influence both the intention to carry out the behaviour and the behaviour itself. In particular, the authors were investigating whether the TPB could be used to predict intention to consume alcohol during pregnancy. Previous research has found the TPB to be useful for predicting a range of other health related behaviours (Godin and Kok, 1996) and alcohol consumption behaviours in particular (Marcoux & Shope, 1997; McMillan & Conner, 2003). The authors focused on the role of TPB in being able to predict the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Drinking during pregnancy is a major health issue. It has been found to influence a number of outcomes for the child including maladaptive behaviours (Sood et al., 2001) and weight at birth (Mariscal et al., 2006). Despite its relation to negative outcomes for the child, up to 54% of women in the UK have claimed to have consumed alcohol during their pre gnancy (Bolling et al., 2007). Study Description 130 women based in the Aberdeenshire area returned a questionnaire that was distributed to them at their 20-week pregnancy scan. Of these, analysis was carried out on 116 women. The questionnaire included questions designed to gather information on demographic details, past and present alcohol consumption, and TPB variables. The TPB variables included measuring the participants’ intention to engage in the behaviour, their attitude toward the behaviour, their beliefs about the subjective norm and their perceived behavioural control. The study found that the majority of participants made changes to their drinking behaviour once they found out that they were pregnant, with these changes taking the form of a reduction in alcohol consumption. 64.7% abstained from alcohol altogether during their pregnancy, 34.5% continued to drink to some level and 0.9% did not answer. Of those women who continued to drink during their pregnancy, 13.4% were drinking above the recommended maximum lev els whereas the rest were drinking one to two units between two and four times per month. It was also found that although most participants received information about drinking during their pregnancy, 12.9% received no information. In relation to the TPB theory, it was found that women who abstained from drinking after finding out they were pregnant had significantly higher scores on the intention scale, suggesting that they had a significantly greater intention to quit alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Abstaining participants also had significantly higher scores on the subjective norm scale, indicating that they felt more pressure from what others thought about drinking during pregnancy. Abstainers were also found to have significantly lower scores on the attitude scale, suggesting a much less positive attitude toward the behaviour of drinking during pregnancy. In contrast,, the scale that measured perceived behaviour control did not show any significant differences between thos e women who abstained and those who continued to drink during their pregnancy. Attitude toward the behaviour and the influence of what others thought of the behaviour were found to be strongly and significantly correlated with intention to carry out the behaviour of abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy. TPB was able to explain 59.3% of variance in intention to drink during pregnancy. Furthermore, the theory was able to correctly classify 91.8% of cases and as a result, was statistically able to distinguish between drinkers and abstainers. The authors concluded that as attitude was found to have the greatest statistically significant contribution to predicting intention and to contribute significantly to predicting actual behaviour, it would be an ideal candidate for intervention focus. As perceived behaviour control was the only TPB component found not to contribute, the authors suggest that the model without this component would be appropriate for predicting intention to consume alcohol during pregnancy. Critical Review The reviewed article addressed an important health issue, namely investigating how drinking alcohol during pregnancy could be reduced by understanding what drives or stops women from having the intention to carry out this behaviour. The finding that attitude toward drinking whilst pregnant has a significant impact on both intention to drink during pregnancy and actual drinking during pregnancy could have wider clinical and educational applications. Nevertheless, the authors are vague in how their findings could be applied in the real world and fail to make useful suggestions based on their data. The finding that some women were not provided with information pertaining to the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is also an important one because it highlights that some health trusts are failing to help women make informed decisions about this subject. However, it is not touched upon in the discussion. The study’s introduction is a little weak in that it does not make an overly convincing argument as to why their chosen topic is important and worth investigating. It makes only a brief reference to the negative impact that alcohol consumption can have on both mother and baby, and the literature to which it refers is quite outdated. This suggests that a thorough and recent literature review may not have been carried out. Furthermore, the study could present a much stronger argument as to why the TPB may be applicable to this health behaviour in particular. There is some justification in that the authors of the paper chose this particular theory on the premise that a socially-based theory such as TPB could highlight risk factors for the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy that could be more easily influenced than previous risk factors that have been identified such as drinking habits before pregnancy and socioeconomic status (Stewart & Streiner, 1994; Yamamoto et al., 2008) . Risk factors such as these cannot be easily changed. In contrast, risk factors based on attitudes toward a behaviour can be more easily altered through education or government interventions. The discussion does not flow particularly well and the overall conclusions of the study are not entirely clear. An advantage of the TPB is its holistic approach. It attempts to understand the behaviour of an individual in the context of both an individual’s attitude toward a behaviour, their perceived control over that behaviour and how they perceive others to judge the behaviour. However, our intentions to carry out a behaviour or not are the result of an incredibly complex process during which many variables are taken into account. Although the limitations of the study’s methodology are touched upon in the discussion, the authors fail to explore the limitations of the TPB and how these may affect their findings. For example, McKeown (1979) argued that negative health behaviours are determined on the individual level by the choices we make to behave in a certain way. Therefore, the theory may place too much emphasis on the importance of what others think of a behaviour. Indeed, in the current study, individual attitudes toward a behaviour were found to be more influential than subjective norms. One criticism of this study is its potential lack of representativeness, both culturally and geographically. Ethnic minorities made up only 6.9% of the sample, meaning that the results may not be generalisable to ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the sample was collected from only one geographic area, although the authors argue that their findings are in keeping with previous studies that used samples from a much wider geographical area (Anderson et al., 2007; Bolling et al., 2007). There may also have been a bias in the way in which participants were recruited. Women were approached by the researchers whilst awaiting their 20 week antenatal scans in hospital. The scans are designed to screen for any anomalies in the baby and to check that development is normal. These scans are not compulsory, potentially creating a bias in the sample. For example, Alderdice et al. (2007) found that women without qualifications or women from areas of high deprivation were significantly less likely to u ptake an offer of a 20 week screen for Downs Syndrome than women from affluent areas or women with degree-level qualification. This suggests that the women who were approached by the researchers in the current study may have been under-representative of women from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Furthermore, the study does not provide detail on the demographic information of the women who responded to the questionnaire, which would have been useful in evaluating generalisability. The measure used to ascertain TPB variables was developed using guidelines for the development of questionnaires designed to measure TPB behaviours (Francis et al., 2004). However, the measurement used was not a validated questionnaire. Furthermore, the authors do not provide examples of how they measured the three variables of intention, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control. This means that the measure cannot be opened up for scrutiny or re-used in later studies to assess its validity and reliability. Before the main study, a small pilot study was carried out with seven pregnant women to ensure that the questionnaire was easy to understand. Pilot studies are essential for establishing a sound study design (van Teijilngen & Hundley, 2001). Although, it should be noted that the authors did not report the results of any reliability or validity tests. As part of the test battery, the study did use the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, a reliable and valid measure for gathering information on alcohol consumption that was developed by the World Health Organisation (Saunders et al., 1993, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2004). This measurement has been reported to be superior to other measures designed to collect data on the same subject (Reinert & Allen, 2002). Self-report measures in themselves have a number of limitations. Firstly, they are subject to social desirability bias. Social desirability bias acknowledges that participants may report carrying out behaviours that are socially desirable or may cover up being involved in behaviours that are frowned on. Based on the finding that subjective norms had a significant impact on both intention and behaviour, social desirability bias may have affected the results of this study. If participants were so influenced by what others thought of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, then they may have been likely to cover up occasions on which they did drink during their pregnancy. This means that the number of participants who did drink during pregnancy may have been higher than the study reported. Recommendations for Improvement and Future Research If this study is to be replicated, it could be improved in a number of ways. Firstly, ethnic minorities must be better represented. Great Britain is now a multi-cultural country and research must reflect this. The authors must provide more information or a copy of the questionnaire designed to measure TPB variables so that reliability and validity can be assessed. A useful future study would be to assess the impact of an intervention designed to change the attitude of women who do not perceive drinking alcohol during pregnancy to be an issue. As attitude was found to be the most important factor in intention to carry out this behaviour, the currently reviewed study would be strengthened if an intervention based around attitude was found to change behaviour. References Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. Alderdice, F., McNeill, J., Rowe, R., Martin, D. & Dornan, J. (2008). Inequalities in the reported offer and uptake of antenatal screening. Public Health, 122(1), 42-52. Anderson, S., Bradshaw, P., Cunningham-Burley, S., Hayes, F. Jamieson, L., MacGregor, A. et al. (2007). Growing up in Scotland: A study following the lives of Scotland’s children. Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Executive. Bolling, K., Grant, C., Hamlyn, B. & Thornton, A. (2007). Infant Feeding Survey, 2005. Leeds, UK: The Information Centre. Duncan, E.M., Forbes-McKay, K.E. & Henderson, S.E. (2012). Alcohol use during pregnancy: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1887-1903. Francis, J.J., Eccles, M.P., Johnstone, M., Walker, A., Grimshaw, J., Foy, R. et al. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour: A manual for health service researchers. Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK: Centre for Health Services Research. Godin, G. & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behaviour: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87-98. Marcoux, B.C. & Shope, J.T. (1997). Application of the theory of planned behaviour to adolescent use and misuse of alcohol. Health Education Research, 12, 323-331. Mariscal, M., Palma, S., Llorca, J., Perez-Iglesias, R., Pardo-Crespo, R. & Delgado-Rodriguez, M. (2006). Pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risk for low birth weight. Annals of Epidemiology, 16, 432-438. McKeown, T. (1979). The role of medicine. Dream, mirage or nemesisOxford, UK: Blackwell Publisher Ltd. McMillan, B. & Conner, M. (2003). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand alcohol and tobacco use in students. Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 8, 317-328. Reinert, D. & Allen, J.P. (2002). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): A review of recent research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(2), 272-279. Saunders, J.B., Aasland, O.G., Babor, T.F., de la Fuente, J.R. & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction, 88, 791-804. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (2004). The management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in primary care: A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Sood, B., Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Nordstrom-Klee, B., Ager, J., Templin, T., et al. (2001). Prenatal alcohol exposure and childhood behaviour at age 6 to 7 years: I. Does- response effect. Pediatrics, 108(2), 34-43. Steward, D.E. & Streiner, D. (1994). Alcohol drinking in pregnancy. General Hospital Psychiatry, 16, 406-412. van Teijilngen, E. & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social Research Update, 35, 1-4. Yamamoto, Y., Kanieta, Y., Yokoyama, E., Sone, T., Takemura, S., Suzuki, K. et al. (2008). Alcohol consumption and abstention among pregnant Japanese women. Journal of Epidemiology, 18, 173-182.

Learn the French Word Maudit

The informal French adjective maudit, pronounced moh-dee, is an exclamation that means darned, blasted, or hateful. A more archaic definition is accursed. Examples Oà ¹ sont ces maudites clà ©s?Where are those darned keys?Aprà ¨s ce cours, je ne veux plus voir ce maudit livre.  After this class, I dont want to see this hateful book anymore.