Commonwealth Games - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3833 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category History Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES BY MARTINS BEN IGWE THE COMMONWEALTH FAMILY The Commonwealth is an association of independent sovereign states spread over every continent and ocean. The Commonwealth’s 2 billion people make up 30% of the world’s population and are of many faiths, races, languages, cultures and traditions. The Commonwealth Games Family is best described as all persons who are entitled to accreditation at the Games under the provisions of the CGF. COMMONWEALTH GAMES FEDERATION (CGF) The CGF is the governing body of the Commonwealth Games with the overall responsibility for the direction and control of the Games. The Patron is Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the Vice Patron is HRH the Earl of Wessex. Other members of the governing body are the President, Executive Board Members, Committees, Staff and Distinguished Guests of the CGF, Secretary General of the Commonwealth Sovereigns, Heads of State Government (including royalty), Future Organising Committees, World Anti Doping Association and the Court of Arbitration for Sports. THE HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES The Commonwealth games were first held in 1930 in a city called Hamilton, Canada where 11 countries sent 400 athletes to take part in 6 sports and 59 events. Bobby Robinson, a major influence within athletics in Canada at the time, finally implemented the event that had been talked about amongst Commonwealth nations for over thirty years with the City of Hamilton providing $30,000 to help cover travelling costs of the participating nations. Since then, the Games have been conducted every four years, except for 1942 and 1946 due to the World War II. The event has seen many changes, not least in its name. From 1930 to 1950 the Games were known as the British Empire Games, from 1954 until 1966 the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and from 1970 to 1974 they took on the title of British Commonwealth Games. It was the 1978 Games in Edmon ton that saw this unique, world class, and multi-sports event change its name to the Commonwealth Games. Often referred to as the â€Å"Friendly Games†, only single competition sports had been on the programme from 1930 up to and including the 1994 Games in Victoria. The 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur saw the introduction of team sports with nations taking part in cricket (50 over game), hockey (men and women), netball (women) and rugby 7s (men). In Manchester in 2002 hockey, netball and rugby 7s graced the programme again and at the 2006 Games in Melbourne basketball accompanied hockey, netball and rugby 7s on the programme. Presently in Delhi 2010 hockey, netball and rugby 7’s are again a feature. The 2002 Games in Manchester also saw for the first time, indeed at any multi-sport event in the world, a limited number of full medal events for elite athletes with a disability (EAD) in a fully inclusive sports programme. This continued in Melbourne where EAD athletes t ook part in athletics, swimming, table tennis and powerlifting. In the year 2000 the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) took on the added responsibility of the Commonwealth Youth Games, open to athletes 18 years of age and under the Youth Games provide an excellent opportunity for aspiring young athletes from the Commonwealth with a taste of what the Commonwealth Games has in store for them in the future. The inaugural Games were in Edinburgh with the last edition being hosted in 2004 in Bendigo, Australia with Pune in India in 2008 hosting the 3rd edition. In such a short space of time the Youth Games has grown in stature and this is evidenced by award of the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games to the Isle of Man. The story of the Games evolved yet again on the 9th November 2007 when Glasgow (Scotland) was awarded the right to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games. COMMONWEALTH GAMES ASSOCIATIONS (CGA) The CGAs are the 71 recognised organisations that are responsible for preparing, sel ecting and sending a team of athletes and support staff to compete in each Commonwealth Games, Athletes, Presidents and Secretaries General, Chefs de Mission, Team Officials (Coaches, Media, Medical, and Administrative) and special guests. THE 20TH COMMONWEALTH GAMES The 20th Commonwealth Games in 2014 tagged Glasgow 2014 will be held in Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland. The winning city was announced by the Commonwealth Games Federation on 9 November 2007 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The Games will run over 11 days of competition from 24 July to 3 August 2014. It will be the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland. Over the last 10 years however Glasgow and Scotland have also staged World, Commonwealth, European or British events in all 17 sports proposed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, including the World Badminton Championships in 1997. It will be the third time the Commonwealth Games have been held in Scotland, previously hosting in 1970 and 1986, both occasions in Ed inburgh. BIDDING TO HOST THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2014 Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh (which hosted the Games in 1970 and 1986, and the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000) following a cost-benefit analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. The Scottish Executive under the First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell, with the support of the United Kingdom government and all main parties in the Scottish Parliament, formally announced Glasgows intention to host the games on 16 August 2005. In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bid team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the Nig erian capital, Abuja and Halifax in Canada. In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, in order to inspect the citys existing and proposed amenities and facilities. Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful. Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government. That left Abuja and Glasgow as the remaining bidders, with Abuja seen as a likely favourite due the basis of its campaign that an African nation has never before hosted the Commonwealth Games. The deadline for formal submission of bids to the Commonwealth Games Federation, in the form of a Candidate City File, was set for May 2007. Both bids were highly recommended, though Glasgows bid team had made use of extensive benchmarking against the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and as a result, its bid was deemed technically superior accordin g to the CGF Evaluation Report that was released in September 2007. The Commonwealth Games Evaluation Commission concluded that: Glasgow has shown it has the ability to stage the 2014 Commonwealth Games to a standard which would continue to enhance the image and prestige of the Games. This put Glasgow ahead in terms of the technical comprehensiveness of its bid. The final decision on the host city of the 2014 Commonwealth Games was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 9 November 2007 at the Commonwealth Games Federation General Assembly, attended by all 71 Commonwealth Games member associations. Each bid city made a presentation to the General Assembly, the order of which was determined by drawing lots. Glasgows delegation was led by Louise Martin, First Minister Alex Salmond, athlete Jamie Quarry and Leader of Glasgow City Council Steven Purcell. The presentation also included a promotional film narrated by Sir Sean Connery. Abujas delegation was led by General Yakubu Gowon, head o f the Abuja 2014 Commonwealth Games bid team. The CGF members subsequently voted for their preferred candidate in a secret ballot. As there were only two bids, the winner was announced by the CGF President, Mike Fennell, after the first round of voting, with the winner only requiring a simple majority. The results of the bidding process were: Abuja (Nigeria)24 votes Glasgow (Scotland)47 votes GAMES IMPACT The Scottish Government, Glasgow City Council and Commonwealth Games Scotland all have ambitious plans to generate a lasting social, economic and sporting legacy from the Games. Historically host cities have seldom managed to achieve these kinds of legacy benefits, but the planning and preparation for Glasgows bid goes back to 2002, and much consideration has been given to this aspect. Indeed the belief that the Games could be a catalyst for such change was one of the major reasons why Glasgow put in a bid in the first place. The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games will have a pr ofound impact on the positive reputation on the City of Glasgow and Scotland. It will affect the environment, economic climate and society as a whole. Glasgow 2014 Organizing Committee will approach the journey to deliver the Games in a responsible and sustainable manner. A number of key policies will be developed to tackle Games delivery issues such as sustainability, the environment, accessibility and health and safety. It is Glasgow 2014s intention to cascade its philosophy throughout all operational aspects of the organization and to collaborate with its Games partners and stakeholders to maximize the value of such initiatives may bring as a result of a successful Games. MISSION, VISION AND VALUES OF THE ORGANIZING BODY FOR GLASGOW 2010 The mission The mission of the organizing body is to organize and deliver the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games in a way that fully realizes the aspirations of the Glasgow Bid and the contractual obligations of the Host City Contract on ime and on budget. The vision The vision of the organizing body is to stage an outstanding, athlete-centered and sport-focused Games of world-class competition that will be celebrated across the Commonwealth, generate enormous pride in Glasgow and Scotland, and leave a lasting legacy. The values The value of the organizing body is an inclusive organization that epitomizes the values of integrity, responsibility and endeavor. It is one in which all people of Scotland will be valued. They also aim to engage other game partners in the spirit of sportsmanship. FINANCING AND ADMINISTRATION The Scottish Government and Glasgow City Council agreed to underwrite the Organizing Committees net running costs of staging the Games, which is currently budgeted at ? 288m. This will be on the basis of an 80/20 split. It is expected that the majority of the 80% of costs to be covered by the Scottish Government will be new money committed to the sports and major events budget. A further ? 50m is expected to be raised through merchandising, broadcasting, sponsorship and ticket sales. Current major corporate sponsors include; Clydesdale Bank, Highland Spring, O2, FirstGroup, BBC Scotland and Diageo. Other capital expenditure is taking place in addition to the Organizing Committees budget, principally on venue infrastructure. Only three entirely new venues are required to stage the games, which are budgeted at a combined total of ? 200 million and additions to existing venues will cost an additional ? 70 million, although most of this investment had been planned to take place regardless of the bid result. The Games Village is projected to cost some ? 229 million and will be developed through a Public Private Partnership scheme. Following the announcement on 9 November 2007 that Glasgow will host the Games, the Scottish Parliament passed the Glasgow Commonwealth Games Bill. This legislation aims to protect the Games from Ambush marketing and ticket touts, while putting powers in p lace to address matters such as transport and land purchase. The Glasgow Commonwealth Games Act 2008 received Royal Assent on 10 June 2008. On 14 November 2007, the First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond announced the disbandment of the bid committee headed Louise Martin, Chair of the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland and Bid Director and said that a new committee would be announced within the next 100 days. On 8 February 2008, Sir Robert Smith was appointed as Chair of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games organizing company. Smith is the former Chairman of the Weir Group, CEO of Morgan Grenfell Private Equity and BBC Governor and Chairman for the Broadcasting Council for Scotland PREPARATIONS BY HOST COMMUNITY VENUES One of the key technical aspects of Glasgows successful bid was the fact that the city already has 70 percent of the planned venues in place. The vast majority of venues are located within 20-minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Dalmarnock and a re broadly grouped into three clusters; in the East End, South Side and West End districts of the city. The only sports held outside the Greater Glasgow area will be the Diving and Full-Bore Shooting events. ?Main Stadia Hampden Park, Scotlands National Football Stadium, located on the South Side, will be the main venue for Athletics and the Closing Ceremony, while Celtic Park, located in the East End, will be used for the Opening Ceremony. ?West End cluster The Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, located in the West End of the city, will host Wrestling and Judo, as well the Main Press Centre and the International Broadcast Centre, benefiting from its strategic position adjacent to the new headquarters of BBC Scotland and SMG at Pacific Quay. The Clyde Auditorium will host Weightlifting, whilst the new Scottish National Arena will be used for the Gymnastics and Netball events. Kelvingrove Park, will be the venue for Bowls and already has five bowling greens installed fo r competitive use. A comprehensive upgrade and refurbishment of the park is underway. Kelvingrove Park is situated close to the SECC and is adjacent to the Kelvin Hall, which will host the Boxing tournament. Scotstoun Sports Centre will host Table tennis and Squash. ?East End Cluster A new National Indoor Sports Arena and the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome Complex is planned for Parkhead in the East End of the city, the Velodrome itself will be opposite Celtic Park, which will be used for the opening ceremony. These venues will become the headquarters of Sportscotland and Scottish Cycling, and will also host Badminton as well as Track cycling. The Road cycling and Cycling Time-trial events will start and finish at Glasgow Green. Glasgow Green will also be the venue for Field hockey and will see the construction of a new Regional Hockey Centre. The Athletes’ Village will be located adjacent to the National Indoor Sports Arena and Velodrome in Dalmarnock at Cuningar Loop on the banks of the River Clyde. The village will form the centrepiece of the wider Clyde Gateway Project, a strategic ? 1. 6 billion inner city regeneration project for the East End of the city. The village masterplan covers a 35 hectare site and will be purpose-built to house 6,000 athletes and officials in 2,500 residential units and leave a legacy of regeneration in this deprived district of the city. Tollcross Park Aquatics Centre will be the venue for Race swimming events. It already has one Olympic standard 50 metre swimming pool, which will be extensively upgraded, and a second 50 metre pool is also to be added for the Games as a warm-up facility. The existing permanent seating capacity will also be increased by 1000. Combined with additional temporary seating there will be over 5,000 seats for the Games in 2014. Strathclyde Country Park, on the eastern outskirts of Glasgow, will host the Triathlon event. ?South Side Cluster Ibrox Stadium, in the South Side, is the planned venue for the Rugby Sevens tournament. Mountain biking will be held on the Cathkin Braes near Rutherglen, the highest point in the city. The Marathon will also begin and end at Hampden Park in the South Side, which is hosting all the Track and Field Athletics events. ?Satellite Venues Diving will be held at the Royal Commonwealth Pool in Edinburgh, located 45 miles (72 km) to the east, which will also be holding the annual Edinburgh Festival at the same time as the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The Shooting competitions will take place at two separate outdoor venues, the Strathclyde Police ranges at Jackton, near East Kilbride, and the Ministry of Defence full-bore rifle and clay target ranges at Barry Buddon, near Dundee, which were also used in the 1986 Commonwealth Games. It should also be noted that shooting is the only sporting event that will not derive an enhanced physical legacy from the Games. INFRASTRUCTURES ?Transportation As stated by the Organizing Committee, over two billi on pounds will have been spent on enhancements to the citys transport infrastructure by 2014, including completion of major motorway links, like the M74 and East End Regeneration Route. There are also planned improvements to public transport provision, such as the Clyde Fastlink project. All venues in the Glasgow area will be directly served by citys extensive railway and subway network, with its main interchange at Glasgow Central/St Enoch, including; Hampden Park and Jackton, as well as the other major venues served by either the central Argyle Line or Subway. There are also ongoing improvements to the River Clyde such as the construction of new bridges and development of river-based transport. ?Utilities Glasgow has a comprehensive mains electricity network supplied by the National Grid, which is operated by Scottish Power and generated from an increasing share of renewable sources, such as Whitelee Wind Farm. More flexible electricity supplies are also readily available, w ith mobile generating specialists Aggreko, based in the city. Scottish Water operates Glasgows primary water supply, which is sourced from Loch Katrine and enters the city via the state-of-the-art Milngavie water treatment works. The city has a world class healthcare sector administered by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. ?Security Strathclyde Police have a proven track record in providing security at high profile events such as the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final and the 2005 G8 summit. The Scottish Government is working closely with the Games organisers, the Police and other security services to ensure that the security arrangements in place for the Games are responsive to all circumstances. The funding for security has been considered from the outset. ?Accommodations Glasgow currently has some 11,870 hotel rooms, including three 5-star hotels. There are plans for eight new hotels in and around Glasgow. Ranging from 3 to 5 star accommodation; they will collectively provide a fur ther 1,445 beds by 2014. The Glasgow City Marketing Bureau has also obtained contractual agreements from 67 hotels in the city to guarantee room rates with no minimum length of stay. ?Telecommunications In terms of telecommunications, Glasgow was voted the Intelligent Community of the Year in 2004 by the Intelligent Community Forum, in recognition of the citys comprehensive level of Broadband Internet access and highly developed 3G and Wi-Fi networks. ?Environmental Forum The Scottish Government has set up an environmental forum to provide advice and to challenge the 2014 Commonwealth Games delivery partners on the sustainability and environmental aspects of the Games, including on the design and construction of facilities and planning and operation of the Games and on legacy issues. The membership is drawn from environmental and wildlife protection organisations, local government, Scottish Government and agencies. In order to fulfil a commitment made in the Glasgow 2014 bid t o ffset carbon emissions from the Games, the Scottish Government will work with its delivery partners to develop a carbon offsetting scheme for the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. The scheme will become active soon after the completion of the Delhi Games in October 20 CONCERNS AND CONTROVERSIES Numerous activists groups, individuals, academics, media sources, politicians and charitable organisations have been critical of backing the bid to host the Games in Glasgow and of the extent the games will bring positive benefits to the people of Glasgow and Scotland as a whole. There are currently two dedicated media sources focused on holding decision makers to account regarding Legacy Commitments and presenting opposition to the displacement of residents. They are also lamenting the closure of facilities and amenities as a result of property development tied to the Games. These sources are Don’t Back the Bid (DBB) and Glasgow Games Monitor (GGM) 2014. Criticism of Health Improv ement Claims A recently published report by Gery McCartney et al. n the British Medical Journal (BMJ 2010; 340: c2369) has cast serious doubt on the potential health benefit legacy of the Commonwealth Games 2014. Their report analysed fifty-four studies assessing the health and socio-economic impacts of major multi-sport events on the host population between 1978 and 2008. Their conclusion was as follows: â€Å"Our review found insufficient evidence to confirm or refute expectations about the health or socio-economic benefits of the host population of previous multi-sport events. Benefits from future events – such as the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in London or the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow – cannot be expected to occur automatically. On this note, until decision makers include robust, long term evaluations as part of their designs and implementation of events, it is unclear how the costs can be justified in terms of host population benefits†. The Scottish Government commissioned the report, but when they saw the report did not conform to the outcome they wanted, they refused to publish or own it. Criticism of Budgeting In November 2009, the Games organizers claimed that the budget allocated to hosting the games would increase from ? 373 million to ? 454 million. The budget has since been increased to an estimated ? 523. 6 million – a 40% increase from the original estimate. The first increase was put down to staffing and broadcasting costs, the second increase has been blamed on inflation. This has happened in a context in which council funding cuts have forced community centre closures and a loss of funding for a number of grass-roots sports organizations. Most recently The National Arena – a new ? 12 million, 12,000-seater venue due to host the gymnastics and netball finals, and the international broadcast centre during CG2014 – has received a ? 40 million bail-out to avoid mothballing and f inancial collapse by the City Council. All these have raised serious objections from those kicking against the hosting rights. Criticism of Displacement of Residents In 2009 a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) was served by Glasgow City Council on a number of homes and businesses on Ardenlea Street and Springfield Road. These properties are earmarked for demolition to make way for the building of the Athlete’s Village. Before a CPO is served, the Council is required to negotiate with property owners and come to a just and reasonable compensation for their property. In the case of some group of long-time residents on Ardenlea Street, this has not been the case. Before the end of 2010, those Dalmarnock homeowners and shop-owners in the way of development for the Commonwealth Games Village will be made homeless through eviction orders by Glasgow City Council. No compensation price for their properties has been agreed or paid. Despite repeated attempts by the property owners, the Council has refused to negotiate with them. Activists claim this matter has been particularly controversial in lieu of a hugely profitable land deal done between wealthy Mayfair property developer Charles Price and the City Council. Price bought a parcel of land adjacent to Ardenlea Street and Spingfield Road in Dalmarnock for ? 8 million in the period 2002-2005. The land also lies on a site earmarked for the Commonwealth Games Village and is likewise deemed essential for the Games development. The City Council had it within their powers to perform a Compulsory Purchase Order on Price’s land, but instead negotiated with Price (a process denied to Margaret Jaconelli and the other shopkeepers) resulting in a ? 17 million sale of the land with ? 3 million added VAT. A total cost of ? 20 million pounds of public money. A spokesman for Glasgow City Council said that compulsory purchase powers were not used against Price’s company because officials had been able to agree a deal with him. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Commonwealth Games" essay for you Create order

Blood Donation Free Essays

Imagine a happy healthy teen. He does well in school and is easy to get along with. Imagine he is diagnosed with leukemia and requires daily platelet and blood transfusions just to stay alive. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Donation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, imagine he has a rare blood type that requires him to be moved to a larger hospital for treatment. This is just another thing for him and his family to worry about. Similar stories happen every day in the United States. It is estimated that every three seconds a patient in the U. S needs a blood transfusion. Donated blood saves 4. 5 million lives in America each year. Yet only 5% of the eligible U.  S population donates blood in any given year. This is a sad fact considering healthy donors are the only source of blood. Since it can not be made or harvested, there is no substitute. The blood supply in the US is consistently low, and the demand for it increases each year. Everyone in good health should donate blood at least once a year. There are many reasons why people should donate. First you should know that it is a safe and healthy thing to do. Not only do you get a free mini physical, including blood pressure check, heart rate, temperature and iron levels, but it is the fastest way to lose a pound! Also, disasters like car accidents, fires, and other trauma cases happen every day and these patients need blood, and rarely do they need only one pint. A bleeding trauma victim can run through 100 units of blood in no time. And because of our growing and aging population, as well as the huge expansion of health care facilities, our blood usage is growing at three times the national rate, and the usage of it outpaces donor collections. With it estimated that up to 85% of us will need blood in our life time it is unlikely that the 5% donating now can sustain the rest. Many people who do not donate give the same reasons. Number one is they do not like needles or are afraid to do so. Nearly everyone feels that way at first. However, most donors will tell you that you feel only a slight initial pinch, and 7-10 minutes later, you are finished. The second is that they did not know or were never asked to donate. More than 38,000 donations are needed every day in communities across the U. S. So it is important to spread the word. Another common excuse is fear of diseases. It is good to know that it is not possible to get AIDS by donating blood to the American Red Cross. A new sterile needle is used for each donor and discarded afterwards. So as you can see, it is safe, simple and most importantly it can save someone’s life. If you do not know what is required of you, it is very simple. Anyone who is at least 17 years of age, weighs at least 110 pounds, and is in good health, can donate. The donation process, from the time you arrive until the time to you leave, is only about an hour. Less than one pint is taken during a donation and it is replaced naturally by the body within 24 hours. If you take the time to make one donation, you will wonder why you ever hesitated. If you are not convinced, image again the teen, fighting for his life. Now give him a face, a name; he is your cousin, your brother, your best friend. It could even be you. My question to you is why not? Blood donors are true heroes. In fact, your one blood donation will be broken down into several components, enabling you, with just one donation, to save up to three lives. If you know someone who donates blood regularly, I urge you to go with them next time, or even on your own, and do the same. How to cite Blood Donation, Essay examples

Investigate homicide investigation in France - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Investigatehomicideinvestigation in France. Answer: Introduction The O.J. Simpson homicide case known as the People of the State of California v/s Orenthal James Simpson was a famous felonious lawsuit held at the Los Angeles County Superior court. In this case, the previous National Football League (NFL) sports person, newscaster and performer Orenthal James O.J.Simpson was adjudicated for committing two murders on June 12, 1994. He was alleged for murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and the waiter of the Mezzalua restaurant Goldman. The case lasted for 11 months starting from November 9, 1994. Simpson was declared as exemplary by the decree on October 3, 1995. It was the most promoted felonious lawsuit in the history. It is generally known as The Lawsuit of the Century. Afterwards, the Brown and Goldman families registered a lawsuit against Simpson. On February 4, 1997, he was found guilty of the two deaths and the families were recompensed an amount of $33.5 million.This review is about the important aspects of the lawsuit and the defects which were recognized in its examination. Furthermore, recommendations have also been given to overcome these defects in the future examinations. The impact of media on the result of this trial has also been discussed in the following paragraphs. The key aspects of the examination involved in the lawsuit In the "The Trial of the Century, the accused O.J.Simpson was represented by a high profile group of defense attorneys known as the Dream Team. It was led by Robert Shapiro and Johnnie Cochran. The additional attorneys were F. Lee Bailey,Alan Dershowitz,Robert Kardashian,Shawn Holley,Carl E. Douglas, andGerald Uelmen. Barry ScheckandPeter Neufeld were specialized in DNA evidence. The lawsuit lasted for eleven months from November 9, 1994, to October 3, 1995. The opening proclamations were made on January 24, 1995. The decree was awarded on October 3, 1995, when he was declared guilt free for both the murders. After he was being acquitted, there were no further detentions (CBS News, 2017). The homicide of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman was alleged to have after 10.00 pm on June 12, 1994. It was revealed by a neighbor after twelve in the night. The police were called for an examination of evidence and to decide if the case was worth examining and the records were unaffected. After investigation, it was revealed that his ex-wife Brown was attacked many times on her head and neck and had defending injuries on her hands. The casualties were dead for around two hours before the examination started. They also investigated Kato Kaelin who was Simpsons friend and an actor, staying at his guest house. Apart from other proofs, the examiners found a mitten on the examination spot and hair on it was similar to that of Goldmans. Simpson was not present at the time of the investigation. The investigators went to his estate to inform him about his wifes homicide. On the way back, they saw blood stains over his Ford. When the examiners arrived at the spot in the morning, he was not present. He had taken a flight to Chicago late night on the previous day. Upon investigation of the house, another blood stained glove was found, which was same as the earlier found glove. The blood on it was of the deceased casualties.This was the possible reason for the arrest warrant of Simpson. Besides this, the DNA of the blood on Simpsons socks in his bedroom was that of Browns. The hair which was found on Goldmans shirt was similar to that of Simpsons. Dark blue cotton fibers were present on Goldman were similar to that of Simpsons shirt (Harris, 2013). Evidence revealed that he was alleged in 1989 for attacking his wife, so taking into account his violent nature, there was a possibility of murdering his wife. The size of the shoe imprints present on the site also resembled that of Simpsons (Moore, 2014). The defects in the examination process of the crime, having an impact on its result In the O.J.Simpson case, logical proofs should have been given utmost importance. It was proved that DNA of the blood stains found at the site and on Simpsons car were of Goldman,Brown and Simpson.So, it gave the investigators a chance to declare him guilty. The police withdrew themselves from the case by handling it incompetently (Fahsing, 2016). There were certain examples where they mismanaged the evidence such as keeping the proofs of blood inside plastic rather than keeping in paper boxes, where they could deteriorate. The blood samples were collected after a long time when the crime was commited. The police had not submitted them to the laboratory immediately after they were collected from the site. These were some illustrations to show that the proofs had been mismanaged by the police (Ladapo, 2017). The defense attorneys believed that the blood samples gathering and its evaluation were mismanaged so that the altering could not be denied. As a result, the examination of the DNA could not be accepted. The police removed the stains from the fence , after two weeks of the crime. The investigation process for the OJ Simpson case was not systematic. It completely focused on him and no other suspects were examined (Kumar Goyal, 2017). An incident room which is used to examine the suspects was not used in this case for the reason that Simpson was the only suspect. The examination of Simpson was a failure because the police did not ask the required questions and any evidence which could have been necessary to the case was ignored. Because of lack of communication an important proof was lost. The prints of the bloodstained fingerprints were not collected. It may sound absurd that some members of the investigation team did not pay attention to the other members advice because they were less experienced (Fisher Fisher, 2012). Due to the interference of the media, the body of Nicole Brown was covered with a blanket which altered the evidence and it could not be used to prove anything against Simpson. The cameras were encapsulated in the courtroom. This resulted in the case being forged and dramatic. The glove which was doubted to be of Simpsons was introduced in the court to give him a trial. It was too small for his hand, which gave the attorneys an opportunity to prove his innocence. All the evidence enabled the attorneys to prove that he was not guilty of the murder of his wife and her friend (Crime Museum, 2017). Methods through which the nonsuccess of the examination could have been overcome and their prevention in the future examinations The investigation process of the O. J. Simpson case highlighted the errors committed by the police in its forensic work and it was set as a guideline before the law administration. There were certain flaws in the investigative procedures and it gave the opportunity to the attorneys to prove Simpsons innocence (Parrillo, 2017). Some of them are as follows and there are certain suggestions to improve them in the future examinations: Poor handling of the proofs by the Los Angeles police gives the lesson that proper processes should be followed regarding the proofs and honest revelations should be made before the jury. The evidence should not be contaminated and should be preserved properly. When Simpson was declared innocent of killing his wife and her friend, the Los Angeles Police Department made certain changes in its investigative section which was referred to as a cesspool of contamination for careless handling of proofs. Another defect, in this case, was that the basis of proofs was not defined and they couldnt be easily tracked. For example, the police observed the blood-stained pair of socks found in the Simpsons bedroom, two months later, only when they were examined at the crime laboratory. The forensic technicians were offended by poor packing of proofs. The proofs were left in an overheating van on a summer day. Due to this, the police now utilize barcodes to scan and track them and the investigation is more strictly controlled by properly trained investigators. Last but not the least, the proofs which are collected must be evaluated carefully before presenting to the court. They must be sorted as competent and incompetent which should not be presented before the jury. They should also be able to interlink between the proofs (Burney Pemberton, 2013). So, examination procedure in any crime is crucial and it should be handled prudently. The crime scenarios should be safeguarded and all the suspects must be examined. The proofs should be carefully handled by experienced criminalists so that the jury is able to make the right decision (Abdollah, 2014). Effect of media on the outcome of the case The impact of media on any newsworthy incident cannot be ignored. It covers certain events such as celebrity news, natural disasters, corruption and murder. The most well-known case in this context is the murder trial of OJ Simpson (1994-95). Simpsons case was affected by the intervention of media. It is described as one of the most famous cases in American history. While the journalists took the photographs of the deceased victims and the cameras were encapsulated in the courtroom to broadcast the case. It resulted in the contamination and devastation of evidence. The trial of OJ Simpson was connected to racial judgment against the blacks. Undeniably, the place of filing the suit was affected by the racial issues. It was against the renowned African American, gained a lot of public attention from the African American public. As a result, it received a lot of coverage from the media (Brunty, Miller Helenek, 2014). They keenly waited to observe if a black person can receive justice from the American jury. As a consequence, they declared Simpson innocent to favor the public judgment. The media altered the doctrine of the case which had an impact on the focus of the investigators. The incidents of domestic violence which were associated with this case lifted it from murder to domestic violence. It enabled the investigators to accept that Simpson was guilty much before appropriate proofs were gathered. Another interesting point is the Glove Catastrophe. It reflects how media can influence the public opinion of a trail. It made a headline quoting If the glove doesnt fit, you must acquit. Actually, the quote was If it doesnt fit, you must acquit. So it misleads the decision of the OJ Simpson case (Rowe, 2014). The assessment to install the cameras in the courtroom also affected the decision of the case. It made the case forged and dramatic. One crucial issue in this regard is the differential reporting of the white and African American media. Most of the African Americans believed O.J.Simpson was not guilty and he was under attack due to his position. While the white media covered that he was guilty (Times News, 2014). So, it would not be wrong to say that the role of media had a severe impact on the decision of the case. It has the power to create hype among the people in accordance with the manner in which the case is predicted. It can influence the society by changing their opinion regarding their inclination towards either of the parties (Werner, 2015). Conclusion So, to conclude, it can be said that the case of O.J. Simpson is truly The Trial of the Century. It acted as a guideline for further crime investigations. Apart from enjoying the celebrity status, it drew the attention of media and the criminalists due to the errors committed by the police and the investigation department. On 3 October 1995 The Trial of the Century was concluded with the exculpation of O.J. Simpson from the killing of his wife and her friend. The jury took only four hours to declare him innocent. All the important components of this case such as the murders, trial, exculpation and the Brono car chase fascinated and wondered the nation (Parker, 2017). This trial was followed by the filing of a civil suit by the Brown and Goldman families against Simpson. On 4 February 1997, the jury declared Simpson guilty for both deaths. The deceaseds families were reimbursed with the damages amounting to $ 33.5 million, but they received only a meager amount. References Abdollah, T.(2014). OJ Simpson case taught police what not to do at a crime scene. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.policeone.com/investigations/articles/7267753-OJ-Simpson-case-taught-police-what-not-to-do-at-a-crime-scene/ on 6 January,2018. Brunty, J., Miller, L. Helenek, K.(2014).Social Media Investigation for Law Enforcement. Routledge. Burney, I., Pemberton, N. (2013). Making space for criminalistics: Hans Gross and fin-de-sicle CSI. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 44(1), 1625. CBS News (2017).The O.J. Simpson trial: Where are they now? [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-o-j-simpson-trial-where-are-they-now/ on 30 December, 2017. Crime Museum (2017). Forensics at the OJ Simpson Trial. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/justice-system/forensic-investigation-of-the-oj-simpson-trial/ on 6 January,2018. Fahsing, I., A.(2016). The Making of an Expert Detective Thinking and Deciding in Criminal Investigations. Sweden: Ineko. Fisher, B., A.,J. Fisher, D., R(2012)Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, Eighth Edition. CRC Press. Harris, C. (2013).Investigating homicide investigation in France. Policing Society.23(3). Kumar,A. Goyal, M., K. (2017).Reconstruction of Crime Scene, a Forensic Technique used in Substantiating Alleged Homicide into Accidental Death: A Case Study. Journal of Forensic Research.8(4). Ladapo, O., A. (2017). Effective Investigations, A Pivot To Efficient Criminal Justice Administration: Challenges In Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS.5 Moore ,S. ,K. (2014).The Murder of Angie Raye Dodge. An Investigative Case Review .Judges for Justice. [ONLINE] Retrieved https://judgesforjustice.org/media/Steve-Moore-Report-on-Chris-Tapp-October-7-2014.pdf. on 6 January,2018. Parker,R.(2017). Is O.J. Innocent? The Missing Evidence': Series Concludes With Debunk of Simpson Son Theory. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/is-oj-innocent-missing-evidence-series-concludes-debunk-simpson-son-theory-964874 on 6 January 2018. Parrillo,N., R.(2017).Administrative Law from the Inside Out: Essays on Themes in the Work of Jerry L. Mashaw. Cambridge University Press. Rowe, S.(2014). OJ Simpson: was he innocent all along? The Telegraph. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10892053/OJ-Simpson-was-he-innocent-all-along.html on 6 January,2018. Times News(2014) O.J. Simpson case and trial had lasting impact on media and the courts. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://www.thetimesnews.com/20140613/oj-simpson-case-and-trial-had-lasting-impact-on-media-and-the-courts/306139777 on 6 January,2018 Werner ,E. (2015).Media Effects on Attitudes Towards the Criminal Justice System. [ONLINE] Retrieved from https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296context=honors on 6 January,2018.

Writing and Tim O Brien Essay Example

Writing and Tim O Brien Essay Annotated Bibliography Brosman Savage, Catharine. The Functions of War Literature. South Central Review. Vol. 9, No. 1, Historicizing Literary Contexts (Spring, 1992), pp. 85-98 This article talks about how this type of war literature is related to Tim OBriens story of The Things They Carried. It relates how soldiers use different kinds of items to make themselves fell secure in the time of war. It was very useful because it gives us another point of view in order to what pertains of what is really going on in a war and ow our soldiers react to it. It was useful to find other perspectives on how writing about war fiction can have different ways of being written. Chen, Tina. Unraveling the Deeper Meaning: Exile and the Embodied Poetics of Displacement in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. Contemporary Literature, Vol. 39,No. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 77-98 This article explains how its trying to find the deeper meaning of the story The Things They Carried. It tries to reveal the authors point of view of how the ar has affected the soldier s and how they are trying to make themselves safe and how most their men are dying by enemy surprise attacks. This article tries to unravel the real meaning of why OBrien wrote about a war fiction and about soldiers having different things during the war so that they can feel safe and secure. Its trying to explain why OBrien writes in way that remarks people about war. Naparsteck, Martin. An Interview with Tim OBrien. Contemporary Literature, Vol 32, No. (Spring 1991), pp. 1-11 . This article is about an interview with Tim OBrien and talks about his literacy work and how his point of view of a war has change a few people minds on how a war can change a soldiers life. It talks about how his life work has become famous for his various writings, especially when it comes to fiction about war or action. Silbergleid, Robin. Making Things Present: Tim OBriens Autobiographical Metafiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Tim O Brien specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Tim O Brien specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Tim O Brien specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Contemporary Literature. Vol. 50, No. 1 Spring, 2009, pp. 129-155 This article talks about the way OBriens way of fiction has made readers mind, be part of the writing he has made. It tells us how OBrien is very interested in action fictions and it one of his various way of writing. I found it to be useful because it goes into detail of OBriens type of writing and it challenges readers mind to go into further detail of what is happening in the story. Writing and Tim O Brien By eJtrilla14

Individual Assignment MAC107 2018 Essays - Software, Free Essays

Individual Assignment MAC107 2018 Essays - Software, Free Essays Alex Mann Principles of ICT - MAC107 TERM - 2018 0 1 Final Assessment - I ndividual A ssignment The assignment consists of two parts: P ART A (an essay written in Microsoft Word and PART B (a Micr os o ft Excel file containing charts and data related to your essay ) . Software to be used for this assignment: Part A must be completed using M icrosoft Word and saved as a .doc or . docx file Part B must be completed using Microsoft Excel and saved as a . xls or . xlsx file. Submission time/date : no later than 1pm on Thursday 12 TH of April 2018 . Submission format: B oth files (part A ( MS Word ) and and B ( MS Excel ) should be zipped up and submit via Turnitin . Work submitted late will receive a mark of 0%. Part A - MS Word (worth 70 %) A minimum of 1000 words - maximum 1500 words (excluding references) are required for this discussion. Write minimum of 1000 words - maximum 1500 words (excluding references) on the following topic: explain how a specific company or organisation has used ICT to improve their business . Include a t able of contents, introduction, relevant sections/subsections and conclusion etc Describing a specific company or organisation . 10 marks Clearly explain how ICT is being used to improve their business . 10 marks Use 3 or more citations in your work using the citations tool found in MS Word 10 Marks Provide a table of data showing statistical or numerical data relevant to your discussion (e.g. growth, sales, users) . 10 Marks Include at least 2 images and add captions (labels) to them using the Insert Caption function . 4 M arks (1 mark per image and 1 mark per caption) Automatically generate a table of figures using the table of contents tool in MS Word . 6 Marks Use heading styles where appropriate and automatically generate a table of contents 8 marks The style of the document should include the following: A header on every page of the d ocument stating your name ( centred ) A footer on every page of the document stating the page number ( centred ) Border line separating the contents of the page from a header and a footer Heading (sub-Heading) and body Page setup - left 2.0cm, right 2.0, top 2.0, bottom 1.9 Font - heading Verdana 14, body Courier New 11 Line spacing 1.5 7 Marks (1 mark for each step above) Generate a bibliography using the tool built into MS Word. 5 Marks Part B - MS Excel (30 %) Using the data you provided in part A section ii, produce the following charts include a title, label for both horizontal and vertical axis (where possible), and a legend for all charts . Show the following in the charts: a) Column chart - title, label the axi s and legend - 10 marks (1 mark for providing the chart, 3 marks each for the title, labelling the axis and a legend) b) Line chart - title, label the axi s, values and legend - 10 marks (1 mark for providing the chart, 3 marks each for the title, labelling the axis and a legend) c) Pie chart - title, values, and legend - 10 marks (1 mark f or providing the chart, 4.5 marks each f or the title, and a legend)

Cost Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Life Cycle - Essay Example There are techniques for estimating the cost of choosing the "wrong" project alternative. Deterministic techniques, such as sensitivity analysis or breakeven analysis, are easily done without the need for additional resources or information. They produce a single-point estimate of how uncertain input data affect the analysis outcome. Probabilistic techniques, on the other hand, quantify risk exposure by deriving probabilities of achieving different values of economic worth from probability distributions for input values that are uncertain. However, they have greater informational and technical requirements than deterministic techniques. Whether one or the other technique is chosen depends on factors such as the size of the project, its importance, and the resources available. Since sensitivity analysis and break-even analysis are two approaches that are simple to perform, they should be part of every LCCA. To identify critical parameters, arrive at estimates of upper and lower bounds, or answer "what if" questions, simply change the value of each input up or down, holding all others constant, and recalculate the economic measure to be tested. Decision-makers sometimes want to know the maximum cost of an input that will allow the project to still break even, or conversely, what minimum benefit a project can produce and still cover the cost of the investment. To perform a break-even analysis, benefits and costs are set equal, all variables are specified, and the break-even variable is solved algebraically. Design optimization on cost basis is also carried out under LCCA to hit upon the model, which would lead to higher performance at lower costs and competitiveness in a systematic and efficient manner. Safety, reliability and cost efficiency can be achieved through design optimization in the pre-launch phase itself. References 1. www.nianet.org/salectureseries/pdfs/Unal_041106.pdf 2.

Theories and Treatment Programs for Delinquent and Adult Offenders Research Paper

Theories and Treatment Programs for Delinquent and Adult Offenders - Research Paper Example Some treatment programs for delinquents and adult offenders may be used for both populations. Substance abuse treatments are used for both delinquents and adult offenders. According to substance treatments for both sides, the philosophy they work upon is that substance abuse is one of the major reasons why the majority of the youth and delinquents are taking part in organized crime gangs, in turn ending up with extensive criminal records. According to Nelson (2007), adult offenders take part in criminal activities as a result of their being jobless and a need to make a living, therefore, the majority end up stealing while others may have been under the influence of drugs at the time of the crime. Educational programs for individuals who may be addicted to drugs or other substances is highly recommended within the rehabilitation process. Rehabilitation is the ultimate goal of current treatment programs. During probation, the drug addicts undergo rehabilitation programs that enlighten them on the dangers of drug abuse, with a focus on transforming the individuals into responsible and productive human beings within society. At the end of many rehabilitation programs, research shows that many of these individuals turn out to be responsible individuals. Improving an individual’s ego is one treatment program for delinquent offenders. This treatment program works on the belief that if the ego of the youthful or delinquent offender is boosted by increasing self-esteem, then these individuals are able to engage as positive role models in society; they are able to have a new life that conforms to society’s values. Since the direction and focus is to instill behavioral change in the individuals this method is also used toward reforming the adult offenders, as well. The hope is that the offenders may be given an opportunity to advance in life by introducing them to